Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (120 page)

21
. E. B. Hamley, in Strachan,
From Waterloo to Balaclava
, 6.

22
. Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 12–17.

23
. David Clary,
Eagles and Empire: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle for a Continent
(New York: Bantam Dell, 2009), 168.

24
. Allan Peskin,
Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 249–51.

25
. Hattaway and Jones,
How the North Won
, 9; Wayne Wei-siang Hseih,
West Pointers and the Civil War: The Old Army in War and Peace
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 102.

26
. Philip J. Haythornwaite,
Uniforms of the Civil War, 1861–1865
(New York: Macmillan, 1976), 131–33, 175–76; Gary Shreckengost,
The First Louisiana Special Battalion: Wheat’s Tigers in the Civil War
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008).

27
. Steven Newton,
Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 32.

28
. George Edgar Turner,
Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972), 45–62; William Howard Russell,
Pictures of Southern Life, Social, Political and Military
(New York: James G. Gregory, 1861), 86.

29
. Evelyn Wood,
From Midshipman to Field Marshal
(London: Methuen, 1906), 1:36.

30
. Walt Whitman, “Specimen Days,” in
The Portable Walt Whitman
, ed. Mark Van Doren (New York: Viking Press, 1969), 498–501.

31
. William C. Davis,
Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977), 245, 253.

32
. Russel H. Beatie,
Army of the Potomac: Birth of Command, November 1860–September 1861
(Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002), 422, 425–27, 501–17; Adam G. de Gurowski,
Diary, from March 4, 1861, to November 12, 1862
(Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1862), 76; Cox,
Military Reminiscences
, 1:243; Stephen W. Sears, “Building the Army of the Potomac,”
MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
20 (Winter 2008): 80–81.

33
. McClellan to Ellen Marcy McClellan, July 27, 1861, in
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, ed. Stephen W. Sears (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1989), 70; Ethan Rafuse,
McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 124.

34
. Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:438.

35
. James F. Simon,
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the President’s War Powers
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 177–78, 194.

36
. Lincoln, “First Inaugural Address—Final Text,” March 4, 1861, and “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in
Collected Works
, 4:262–63, 438–39.

37
. McClellan to Samuel Barlow, November 8, 1861, and to Mary Ellen McClellan, November 14, 1861, in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 128, 132.

38
. McClellan to E. M. Stanton, February 3, 1862, in
McClellan’s Own Story: The War for the Union
(New York: C. L. Webster, 1887), 234.

39
. Donald Stoker,
The Grand Design: Strategy and the U.S. Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 55, 58–60.

40
. McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, August 16 and October 10, 1861, in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 85, 106.

41
. Hay, diary entry for November 13, 1861, in
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 32; McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, August 9, 1861, in
Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
, 82.

42
. Bates, diary entry for January 3, 1862, in
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866
, ed. Howard K. Beale (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933), 220; “General M. C. Meigs on the Conduct of the Civil War,”
American Historical Review
26 (1920–21): 292–93; Bruce Tap,
Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 105–6.

43
. Steven S. L’Hommedieu, in Beatie,
Army of the Potomac: Birth of Command
, 403.

44
. General War Orders No. 1, January 27, 1862, and Special War Orders No. 1, January 31, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 5:41.

45
. Stephen W. Sears,
George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon
(New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 131, 148–49, 160–61.

46
. “President’s War Order No. 3,” March 11, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 5:54.

47
. For Lincoln on “the slows,” see
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
, 32; Rowena Reed,
Combined Operations in the Civil War
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978), 121–30.

48
. Lorenzo Thomas to McClellan, April 4, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 11(III):66.

49
. “Memorandum,” May 17, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 11(III):176–77; Newton,
Joseph E. Johnston and the Defense of Richmond
, 151, 168.

50
. Elizabeth Brown Pryor,
Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters
(New York: Viking, 2007), 17, 32–33, 60, 63.

51
. Lee to Anne Marshall, April 20, 1861, in
The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, eds. Clifford Dowdey and Louis Manarin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 10; Alan Nolan,
Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 40–41, 50–58.

52
. Lincoln to McClellan, May 24, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 11(I):30; Peter Cozzens,
Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 344–45.

53
. Matt Spruill,
Echoes of Thunder: A Guide to the Seven Days Battles
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), 307.

54
. Sears,
To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign
(New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992), 208, 249, 294, 343–45; Clifford Dowdey,
The Seven Days: The Emergence of Lee
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), 273.

55
. Daniel E. Sutherland, “Introduction to War: The Civilians of Culpeper County, Virginia,” in
Civil War History
37 (June 1991): 124–25; “General Orders No. 5,” July 18, 1862, “General Orders No. 7,” July 10, 1862, “General Orders No. 11,” July 23, 1862, and “General Orders No. 13,” July 25, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 12(II):50–52, 12(III):509.

56
. Adams Hill, in Louis Starr,
Bohemian Brigade: Civil War Newsmen in Action
(New York: Knopf, 1954), 152.

57
. “General M. C. Meigs on the Conduct of the Civil War,” 294.

58
. Lee to Davis, June 5, 1862, and to Jackson, July 27, 1862, in
Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee
, 183–84, 239; Joseph L. Harsh
, Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998), 54–60.

59
. Pope, “The Second Battle of Bull Run,”
Battles and Leaders
, 2:489–90.

60
. Stephen W. Sears, “Last Words on the Lost Order,” in
Controversies and Commanders: Dispatches from the Army of the Potomac
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 114–15.

61
. James V. Murfin,
The Gleam of Bayonets: The Battle of Antietam and Robert E. Lee’s Maryland Campaign, September 1862
(New York: T. Yusoloff, 1965), 298, 303–4, 374–77.

62
. “McClellan Relieved,” November 5, 1862, in
War of the Rebellion
, 19(11):545; Amos M. Judson,
History of the Eighty-Third Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers
(Dayton, OH: Morningside Bookshop, 1986 [1865]), 98.

63
. Lincoln, “Emancipation Proclamation,” in
Collected Works
, 6:29.

64
. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, in
Collected Works
, 5:537.

65
. Francis B. Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture
(New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866), 90.

66
. Lincoln, “Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” June 26, 1857, and “First Debate with Stephen A. Douglas,” August 21, 1858, in
Collected Works
, 2:404, 3:16.

67
. Lincoln, “To Horace Greeley,” August 22, 1861, in
Collected Works
5:388.

68
. Hofstadter, “Abraham Lincoln and the Self-Made Myth,” in
The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It
(New York: Knopf, 1973 [1948]), 131.

69
. Joseph Gillespie to W. H. Herndon, January 31, 1866, in
Herndon’s Informants
, 183, 197.

70
. Lincoln, “Speech at Peoria, Illinois,” October 16, 1854, and “Speech to One Hundred Fortieth Indiana Regiment,” March 17, 1865, in
Collected Works
, 2:271, 8:361; Isaac Newton Arnold,
The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery
(Chicago: Clarke, 1866), 300, 685–86; Joseph Gillespie to W. H. Herndon, December 8, 1866, in
Herndon’s Informants
, 507.

71
. Lincoln, in
Recollected Words
, 206, 449.

72
. Stevens, “Speech on Republican Aims,” January 25, 1860, in
The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
, ed. B. W. Palmer (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), 1:165; Lovejoy, in Mitchell Snay, “The Emergence of the Republican Party in Illinois,”
Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association
22 (Winter 2001): 94–95.

73
. Lincoln, “To Horace Greeley,” March 24, 1862, and “To Nathaniel P. Banks,” August 5, 1863, in
Collected Works
, 5:169, 6:365.

74
. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, in
Collected Works
, 5:530–31, 534; Lincoln, “First Joint Debate,” in
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
, 105; Davis, in
Recollected Words
, 132, 182.

75
. David Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York: Knopf, 1961), 388; “The Hon. C. Sumner on a War for Emancipation,”
The Anti-Slavery Reporter
, November 1, 1861, 246.

76
. Frémont, “Emancipation Proclamation of General Fremont,” August 31, 1861, and Hunter, “General Orders No. 11,” May 9, 1862, in
Political History of the Rebellion
, 245–46, 250.

77
. “The Contrabands at Fortress Monroe,”
Atlantic Monthly
8 (November 1861): 626–27; Robert F. Engs,
Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 18–22; Adam Goodheart,
1861: The Civil War Awakening
(New York: Knopf, 2011), 296–338.

78
. Henry Halleck,
International Law; or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and War
(San Francisco: H. H. Bancroft, 1861), 447.

79
. Trumbull, “Army Appropriations Bill,” July 15, 1861,
Congressional Globe
, 37th Congress, 1st Session, 120; “The Last of Congress,”
New York Times
, August 7, 1861.

80
. Henry Wilson,
History of the Antislavery Measures of the Thirty-Seventh and Thirty-Eighth United-States Congresses, 1861–1864
(Boston: Walker, Wise, 1864), 4–5; J. W. Schuckers,
The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase
(New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 428; Cook,
William Pitt Fessenden
, 146.

81
. “The Emancipation Act,”
Washington Sunday Morning Chronicle
, April 26, 1862; Edward Everett Hale, memorandum of conversation with Sumner, April 26, 1862, in “The War,”
Memories of a Hundred Years
(New York: Macmillan, 1903), 2:191–92; Moncure Conway, in
Recollected Words
, 119.

82
. “Joint Resolution Declaring That the United States Ought to Cooperate with, Affording Pecuniary Aid to Any State Which May Adopt the Gradual Abolishment of Slavery,” April 10, 1862, in
The Statutes at Large Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America from December 5, 1859 to March 3, 1863
, ed. George Sanger (Boston: Little and Brown, 1863), 617.

83
. J. W. Crisfield, in
Conversations with Lincoln
, ed. Charles M. Segal (New York: Putnam, 1961), 165–68; Wilson,
History of the Anti-Slavery Measures
, 81–85.

84
. Lincoln, “Appeal to Border State Representatives,” July 12, 1862, in
Collected Works
, 5:318–19.

85
. Welles, diary entry for July 13, 1862, in
Diary of Gideon Welles
, 1:70; Welles, “The History of Emancipation,” in
Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles
, ed. Albert Mordell (New York: Twayne, 1959), 237; Carpenter,
Six Months at the White House
, 21.

86
. Frederick Douglass, “Farewell Speech to the British People,” March 30, 1847, in
Selected Speeches and Writings
, ed. P. S. Foner and Y. Taylor (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 58; Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), 12.

87
. “City Items,”
Christian Recorder
, January 10, 1863; Douglass, “Emancipation Proclaimed,” “Rejoicing over the Proclamation,” in
Douglass’ Monthly
, January 1863 and February 1863.