Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction (117 page)

91
. Russel B. Nye,
William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 72; Henry Mayer,
All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 112–13, 313.

92
. Harold D. Woodman,
King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the South
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), 28–29.

93
. Eric Foner,
Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 64–76; John Ashworth,
Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic
, vol. 1:
Commerce and Compromise, 1820–1850
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 160–68; Michael Sandel,
Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 172–77.

94
. Merton L. Dillon,
Elijah P. Lovejoy, Abolitionist Editor
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 38–43; Paul Finkelman, “Slavery, the ‘More Perfect Union,’ and the Prairie State,”
Illinois Historical Journal
80 (Winter 1987), 248–69.

95
. Bertram Wyatt-Brown,
Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery
(Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969), 190.

96
. Dorothy Sterling,
Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 104–5; Keith Melder, “Abby Kelley and the Process of Liberation,” in
The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America
, ed. Jean Fagin Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 243–44.

97
. John L. Thomas,
The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 137; Nye,
William Lloyd Garrison
, 54, 98–100; Calhoun, “Incendiary Publications,” February 4, 1836,
Congressional Globe
, 24th Congress, 1st Session, 165.

98
. Donald B. Cole,
A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 200–201.

99
. Stephen M. Feldman,
Free Expression and Democracy in America: A History
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 126.

100
. Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters
(Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1857), 29–30.

101
. William Edward Dodd,
The Life of Nathaniel Macon
(Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1903), 313.

102
. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, in William Montgomery Meigs,
The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun
(New York: G. E. Stechert, 1917), 1:419.

103
. Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” June 27, 1848, in
Union and Liberty
, 543; Garrison, “Massachusetts Resolutions,” May 3, 1844, in
Documents of Upheaval
, 201.

1
. William Pitt Fessenden, “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 3, 1854,
Congressional Globe
, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 323.

2
. Leonard L. Richards,
The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 74–75.

3
. Thomas W. Cobb, “Missouri State,” March 2, 1819,
Annals of Congress
, 24th Congress, 2nd session, 143.

4
. Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in
The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence and Papers, 1816–1826
, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1905), 12:158.

5
. Robert V. Remini,
Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 184.

6
. Frederic Logan Paxson,
The Independence of the South American Republics: A Study in Recognition and Foreign Policy
(Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach, 1916), 105–27; Teresa A. Meade,
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
(New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 70.

7
. Randolph B. Campbell,
An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 20–32.

8
. Virgil Maxcy to Calhoun, December 10, 1843,
Correspondence of John C. Calhoun, Volume 2, Part 2
, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900), 903.

9
. Clay to Thomas M. Peters and John M. Jackson, July 27, 1844, in
The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844–June 29, 1852
, ed. M. P. Hay and Carol Reardon (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991), 10:91.

10
. Allan Peskin,
Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 175, 191.

11
. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips,
The Life of Robert Toombs
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), 68.

12
.
Speech of Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, On the War and Taxation
, February 2, 1848 (Washington, DC: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1848), 14.

13
. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in
Memoirs and Selected Letters
, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 41, 83.

14
. Douglass, “The War with Mexico,” January 21, 1848, in
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International, 1950), 1:293; John Pendleton Kennedy, “The Annexation of Texas,” in
Political and Official Papers
(New York: Putnam, 1872), 608.

15
. Chaplain W. Morrison,
Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 18.

16
. Polk, diary entry for February 22, 1849, in
The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849
, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), 4:347.

17
. William Dusinberre,
Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 141–48; Robert W. Merry,
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 453–60; Polk, Special Message to Congress, August 14, 1848, in
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1908
, ed. J. D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 4:608.

18
. Jefferson Davis, “Slavery in the Territories,” February 13, 1850,
Congressional Globe
, 31st Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 149; John Calhoun, “The Slavery Question,” February 19, 1847,
Congressional Globe
, 29th Congress, 2nd Session, 455.

19
. Cass to A. O. P. Nicholson, December 24, 1847, in William T. Young,
Sketch of the Life and Public Services of General Lewis Cass
(Detroit: Markham and Elwood, 1852), 321, 323.

20
. Michael F. Holt,
Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 69.

21
. Frederick J. Blue,
The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 296.

22
. Michael F. Holt,
The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 368–70.

23
. Holman Hamilton,
Zachary Taylor: Soldier in the White House
(Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951), 45, 142–43, 168–70; K. Jack Bauer,
Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 291; Michael F. Holt,
The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 58–61.

24
. Remini,
Henry Clay
, 688–90.

25
. Holman Hamilton,
Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850
(1964; Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 95.

26
. John Calhoun, “The Compromise,” March 4, 1850,
Congressional Globe
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 451, 455.

27
. Daniel Webster, “The Compromise,” March 7, 1850,
Congressional Globe
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 476; Irving Bartlett,
Daniel Webster
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 116–21.

28
. “Compromise Resolutions—Speech of Mr. Clay,” February 5–6, 1850, in
Congressional Globe
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 127; Remini,
Henry Clay
, 737.

29
. William Gardner,
Life of Stephen A. Douglas
(Boston: Roxburgh Press, 1905), 12–13, 14, 15–17, 19–20, 25, 29, 48; Clark E. Carr,
Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism
(Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 7; Douglas, “Autobiographical Sketch,” in
The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 62, 68; Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 30–31, 56, 68, 87, 97.

30
. Douglas, “Slavery in the Territories,” February 12, 1850,
Congressional Globe
, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 343; Robert W. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas, Popular Sovereignty and the Territories,”
Historian
22 (August 1960): 384–85; Douglas to Charles Lanphier, August 3, 1850, in
Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
, 192.

31
. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
, 296–98.

32
. “An Act to Amend, and Supplementary to the Act, Respecting an Act Entitled ‘Fugitives from Justice’ …,” 31st Congress, 1st Session,
The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, from December 1, 1845 to March 3, 1851
, ed. George Minot (Boston: Little and Brown, 1862), c. 60, 462.

33
. Samuel May,
The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims
(New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1861), 12–15.

34
. Thomas Slaughter,
Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 78.

35
. Richard H. Abbott,
Cotton and Capital: Boston Businessmen and Antislavery Reform, 1854–1868
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 26.

36
. Larry Gara,
The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1999), 127–29.

37
. Joan D. Hedrick,
Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 193–223; Edmund Wilson,
Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 31–32.

38
. Harriet Beecher Stowe,
The Annotated Uncle Tom’s Cabin
, ed. Henry Louis Gates (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 97.

39
. Charles Dudley Warner, “The Story of Uncle Tom’s Cabin,”
Atlantic Monthly
, September 1896, 315.

40
. Stephen A. Douglas,
Speeches of Senator S. A. Douglas, on the Occasion of His Public Receptions by the Citizens of New Orleans, Philadelphia and Baltimore
(Washington, DC: Lemuel Towers, 1859), 5.

41
. Claiborne F. Jackson to David R. Atchison, in Nicole Etcheson,
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 11.

42
. Mark E. Neely, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act in American Political Culture: The Road to Bladensburg and the Appeal of the Independent Democrats,” in
The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854
, ed. J. R. Wunder and J. M. Ross (Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2008), 33–34, 38, 44–45.

43
. Fessenden, in Robert J. Cook,
Civil War Senator: William Pitt Fessenden and the Fight to Save the American Republic
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), 86; “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 2 and 3, 1854,
Congressional Globe
, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 299, 763–65.

44
. “Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854,”
The Whig Almanac and United States Register for 1855
(New York: Greeley and McElrath, 1855), 18; James A. Rawley,
Race and Politics: “Bleeding Kansas” and the Coming of the Civil War
(Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 17–57; Douglas, “Kansas-Lecompton Constitution,” March 22, 1858,
Congressional Globe
, 35th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 195, 200.

45
. Kristen Tegtmeier Oertel,
Bleeding Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 91.

46
. David Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
(New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 203–4.

47
. Thomas Goodrich,
War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861
(Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2004), 117.

48
. Gara,
The Liberty Line
, 127–29.

49
. Evan Carton,
Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America
(New York: Free Press, 2006), 189–93; David S. Reynolds,
John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights
(New York: Knopf, 2005), 174.

50
. Sumner,
The Crime Against Kansas … Speech of the Hon. Charles Sumner in the Senate of the United States, 19th and 20th May, 1856
(Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1856), 5–7.