Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (158 page)

9
. For a modern defense of Burr, see Nancy Isenberg,
Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr
(New York, 2007).

10
. Davis,
Memoirs of Burr
, 1: 297 .

11
. Burr to Aaron Ward, 14 Jan. 1832, in Mary-Jo Kline et al., eds.,
Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr
(Princeton, 1983), 2: 1211 .

12
. TJ, ANAS (1804),
Jefferson: Writings
, 693; Mary-Jo Kline, “Aaron Burr as a Symbol of Corruption in the New Republic,” in Abraham S. Eisenstadt et al., eds.,
Before Watergate: Problems of Corruption in American Society
(Brooklyn, 1978), 71–72 .

13
. Lomask,
Burr
, 1: 87 .

14
. Burr to William Eustis, 20 Oct. 1797, to Charles Biddle, 14 Nov. 1804, to John Taylor, 22 May 1791, to Peter Van Gaasbeek, 8 May 1795, to James Monroe, 30 May 1794, to Jonathan Russell, 1 June 1801, to Théophile Cazenove, 8 June 1798, all in Kline et al., eds.,
Papers of Burr
, 1: 316; 2: 897; 1: 82, 211, 180; 2: 601; 1: 344 .

15
. Burr to Theodore Sedgwick, 3 Feb. 1791, in Kline et al., eds.,
Papers of Burr
, 1: 68 .

16
. Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801, AH to James A. Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801, AH to Bayard, 16 Jan. 1801,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 311, 321, 320,323.

17
. AH to John Jay, 7 May 1800,
Papers of Hamilton
, 24: 464–67 .

18
. Bruce Ackerman,
The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy
(Cambridge, MA, 2005), 85; TJ to John Garland Jefferson, 25 Jan. 1810,
Papers of Jefferson: Retirement Ser
., 2: 183 .

19
. Theodore Sedgwick to AH, 10 Jan. 1801,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 311–12; James H. Broussard,
The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816
(Baton Rouge, 1978), 33 .

20
. AH to Oliver Wolcott JR., 16 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 257, 272 .

21
. AH to Theodore Sedgwick, 22 Dec. 1800, to Harrison Gray Otis, 23 Dec. 1800, to Gouverneur Morris, 24 Dec. 1800,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 270, 271, 272 .

22
. AH to Gouverneur Morris, 26 Dec. 1800,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 275 .

23
. TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801,
Papers of Jefferson
, 32: 594 .

24
. TJ to Monroe, 15 Feb. 1801,
Papers of Jefferson
, 32: 594 .

25
. Tadahisa Kuroda,
The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the early Republic, 1787–1804
(Westport, CT, 1994).

26
. Ackerman,
Failure of the Founding Fathers
, 107.

27
. MRS. Samuel Harrison Smith (Margaret Bayard),
Forty Years of Washington Society
, ED. Gaillard Hunt (London, 1906), 25 .

28
. TJ to DR. Walter Jones, 31 March 1801, in L and B, eds.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 10: 255–56 .

29
. Since Henry Adams, Most Historians have played down the radical character of Jefferson’s Election in 1800. But see Jeffrey L. Pasley, “1800 as a Revolution in Political Culture: Newspapers, Celebrations, Voting and Democratization in the Early Republic,” in James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Onuf, eds.,
The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic
(Charlottesville, 2002), 121, 52 .

30
. TJ, First Inaugural Address, 4 March 1801, TJ to Dickinson, 6 March 1801, TJ to Priestley, 21 Mar. 1801,
Jefferson: Writings
, 493–96, 1084, 1086 .

31
. TJ to JA, 13 Nov. 1787,
Papers of Jefferson
, 12: 351 .

32
. Dumas Malone,
Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805
(BOSTON, 1970), 388 .

33
. Malone,
Jefferson the President: First Term
, 383, 93 .

34
. James Sterling Young,
The Washington Community, 1800–1828
(NEW YORK, 1966), 90 .

35
. Dumas Malone,
Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809
(Boston, 1974), 568 .

36
. Jeffrey L. Pasley, “Private Access and Public Power: Gentility and Lobbying in the Early Congress,” in Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon, EDS.,
The House and Senate in the 1790s: Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development
(Athens, OH, 2002), 74–76 .

37
. Richard Beale Davis, ED.,
Jeffersonian America: Note on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart
. (San Marino, CA, 1954), 49 .

38
. Davis, ED.,
Jeffersonian America
, 8.

39
. Malone,
Jefferson the President: Second Term
, 540.

40
. Young,
Washington Community
, 46; William Seale,
The President’s House
(Washington, DC, 1986), 47–50 .

41
. Young,
Washington Community
, 23.

42
. Thomas Moore,
Epistles, Odes, and other Poems
(Philadelphia, 1806), 154 .

43
. TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801,
Jefferson: Writings
, 504 .

44
. Noble E. Cunningham JR.,
The Process of Government Under Jefferson
(Princeton, 1978), 22 .

45
. TJ, First Annual Message, 8 Dec. 1801,
Jefferson: Writings
, 504 .

46
. Malone,
Jefferson the President: First Term
, 69.

47
. Cunningham,
Process of Government Under Jefferson
, 22.

48
. Malone,
Jefferson the President: First Term
, 386.

49
. TJ to Samuel Adams, 26 Feb. 1800,
Papers of Jefferson
, 31: 395 .

50
. Theodore J. Crackel,
Mr. Jefferson’s Army: Political and Social Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801–1809
(New York, 1987); Robert M. S. McDonald,
Thomas Jefferson’s Military Academy: The Founding of West Point
(Charlottesville, 2004).

51
. Ian W. Toll,
Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy
(New York, 2006), 285 .

52
. TJ to Pierre-Samuel Du Pont De Nemours, 18 Jan. 1802, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 8: 127; Davis, ed.,
Jeffersonian America
, 3 .

53
. Ames to AH, 31 July 1791,
Papers of Hamilton
, 8: 590; Richard Sylla, John B. Legler, and John J. Wallis, “Banks and State Public Finance in the New Republic,”
Journal of Economic History
, 47 (1987), 391–403 .

54
. Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics from the Revolution to the Civil War
(Princeton, 1957), 188, 196, 189; TJ to JM, 1 Oct. 1792,
Republic of Letters
, 740; Gordon S. Wood,
Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different
(New York, 2006), 110; TJ to Col. Charles Yancey, 6 Jan. 1816, in Paul Ford, ed.,
Works of Thomas Jefferson: Federal Edition
(1904–05), 11: 494 .

55
. Howard Bodenhorn,
State Banking in Early America: A New Economic History
(New York, 2003), 14 .

56
. Raymond Walters Jr.,
Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat
(New York, 1957), 237, 239 .

57
. Albert Gallatin to William H. Crawford, 30 Jan. 1811, in E. James Ferguson, ed.,
Selected Writings of Albert Gallatin
(Indianapolis, 1967), 277 .

58
. Pauline Maier, “The Debate over Incorporations: Massachusetts in the Early Republic,” in Conrad Edick Wright, ed.,
Massachusetts and the New Nation
(Boston, 1992), 111; J. Van Fenstermaker,
The Development of American Commercial Banking, 1782–1837
(Kent, OH, 1965), 4–14 .

59
. Hammond,
Banks and Politics
, 145, 165; Charles G. Steffen,
The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution
(Urbana, IL, 1984), 192–95 .

60
. Hammond,
Banks and Politics
, 147; Pennsylvania
General Advertiser
, 16 Feb. 1793; Richard Gabriel Stone,
Hezekiah Niles as an Economist
(Baltimore, 1933), 94–95; Fenstermaker,
American Commercial Banking
, 8 .

61
.
In Briscoe V. Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
(1837) the Supreme Court determined that Article 1, Section 10, prohibiting the states from issuing paper money, did not apply to the banks chartered by the states.

62
. Hammond,
Banks and Politics
, 188, 196 .

63
. Jane Kamensky,
The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America’s First Banking Collapse
(New York, 2008), 9, 160 .

64
. Hammond,
Banks and Politics
, 189; Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla, “Emerging Financial Markets and Early US Growth,”
Explorations in Economic History
, 42 (2005), 1–26, quotation at 20–21 .

65
. TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798,
Papers of Jefferson,
30: 589 .

66
. Herbert E. Sloan,
Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt
(New York, 1995), 196 .

67
. TJ to Gallatin, 11 Oct. 1809, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 9: 264 .

68
. Noble Cunningham Jr.,
The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801–1809
(Chapel Hill, 1963), 17 .

69
. Cunningham,
Jeffersonian Republicans in Power,
23–29; Broussard,
Southern Federalists
, 44 .

70
. Leonard D. White,
The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801–1829
(New York, 1951), 81 .

71
. Jon Kukla,
Mr. Jefferson’s Women
(New York, 2007), 185; Merry Ellen Scofield, “The Fatigues of His Table: The Politics of Presidential Dining During the Jefferson Administration,”
JER
, 26 (2006), 449–69 .

72
. Maxwell H. Bloomfield,
American Lawyers in a Changing Society, 1776–1876
(Cambridge, MA, 1976), 37 .

73
. See Especially David Daggett,
Sun-Beams may be Extracted from Cucumbers, but the process is Tedious
(New Haven, 1799).

74
. AH to Rufus King, 3 June 1802,
Papers of Hamilton
, 26: 14; AH, “Views on the French Revolution,” (1794),
Papers of Hamilton
, 26: 739–40 .

75
. Chilton Williamson,
American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760–1860
(Princeton, 1960); Alexander Keyssar,
The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States
(New York, 2000). Philip Lampi’s Collection of American Election Data, 1787–1825, for presidential, congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative elections revolutionizes historians’ understanding of the development of democracy in the early Republic; it is available online via the American Antiquarian Society’s Web page: “A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825.”

76
. James M. Banner JR.,
To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815
(New York, 1970), 39 .

77
. William C. Dowling,
Literary Federalism in the Age of Jefferson: Joseph Dennie and the Port Folio, 1801–1812
(Columbia, SC, 1999), 6 .

78
. Fisher Ames, “The Mire of Democracy” (Nov. 1805), in Lewis P. Simpson, ed.,
The Federalist Literary Mind: Selections from the Monthly Anthology and Boston Review, 1803–1811
(Baton Rouge, 1962), 54 .

79
. Albrecht Koschnik, “Young Federalists, Masculinity, and Partisanship During the War of 1812,” in Jeffery L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds.,
Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early Republic
(Chapel Hill, 2004), 166–68 .

80
. Isenberg,
Fallen Founder
, 145.

81
. Donald J. Ratcliffe,
Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821
(Columbus, OH, 1998), 81 .