Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (161 page)

83
. C. Dallett Hemphill,
Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America, 1620–1860
(New York, 1999), 83.

84
.
American Museum
, 11 (1792), 84; Daniel E. Sutherland,
Americans and Their Servants: Domestic Service in the United States from 1800 to 1920
(Baton Rouge, 1981), 125–26; Richard S. Pressman, “Class Positioning and Shays’ Rebellion: Resolving the Contradictions of
The Contrast
,”
Early American Literature
, 21 (1986), 95; Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution
, 132.

85
. Janson,
Stranger in America
, 88; M. J. Heale, “From City Fathers to Social Critics: Humanitarianism and Government in New York, 1790–1860,”
JAH
, 63 (1976), 26–27; Nancy F. Cott,
The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1780–1835
(New Haven, 1977), 28–30, 49; Taylor,
William Cooper’s Town
, 379; Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist
(Boston, 1969), 533; Strum, “Property Qualifications,” 371.

86
. David John Jeremy, ed.,
Henry Wansey and His American Journal, 1794
(Philadelphia, 1970) 99; Douglas T. Miller,
Jacksonian Aristocracy: Class and Democracy in New York, 1830–1860
(New York, 1967), 5–7; Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.,
Learning How to Behave: A Historical Study of Etiquette Books
(New York, 1946), 82; Doris Elizabeth King, “The First-Class Hotel and the Age of the Common Man,”
Journal of Southern History
, 23 (1957), 173–88; Sharon V. Salinger,
Taverns and Drinking in Early America
(Baltimore, 2002), 244–46; A. K. Sandoval-Strauss,
Hotel: An American History
(New Haven, 2007).

87
. Sharon V. Salinger,
“To Serve Well and Faithfully”: Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682–1800
(Cambridge, 1987), 154, 156–57; Charles F. Montgomery,
American Furniture: The Federal Period
(New York, 1966), 14.

88
. Eric Foner,
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
(New York, 1976), 39; Salinger, “
To Serve Well and Faithfully
,” 167–68; Sean Wilentz,
Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850
(New York, 1984), 58.

89
. Montgomery,
American Furniture
, 22–23; Ian M. G. Quimby, “The Cordwainers Protest: A Crisis in Labor Relations,”
Winterthur Portfolio
, 3 (1967), 83–101.

90
. Lisa B. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston,” in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850
(Boston, 1997), 195.

91
. James P. Walsh, “‘Mechanics and Citizens’: The Connecticut Artisan Protest of 1792,”
WMQ
, 62 (1985), 66–89.

92
. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist,” in Wright and Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs
, 206, 207.

93
. Walsh, “‘Mechanics and Citizens,’” 66–89.

94
. Stuart M. Blumin,
The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900
(Cambridge, UK, 1989), 33–34; Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist,” in Wright and Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs
, 185.

95
. George Warner,
Means for the Preservation of Political Liberty: an Oration Delivered in the New Dutch Church, on the Fourth of July, 1797
(New York, 1797), 13–14; Alfred Young, “The Mechanics and the Jeffersonians: New York, 1789–1801,”
Labor History
, 5 (1964), 274; Donald H. Stewart,
The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period
(Albany, 1969), 389; Richard E. Ellis,
Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic
(New York, 1971), 173.

96
. TJ to David Williams, 14 Nov. 1803, in L and B, eds.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 10: 431.

97
. Ruth Bogin,
Abraham Clark and the Quest for Equality in the Revolutionary Era, 1774–1794
(East Brunswick, NJ, 1982), 32; Abraham Bishop,
Proofs of
a
Conspiracy Against Christianity and the Government of the United States
(Hartford, 1802), 20; Jerome J. Nadelhaft, “‘The Snarls of Invidious Animals’: The Democratization of Revolutionary South Carolina,” in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty
(Charlottesville, 1981), 77; Aleine Austin,
Matthew Lyon: “New Man” of the Democratic Revolution, 1749–1822
(University Park, PA, 1981), 274, 67; Stewart,
Opposition Press of the Federalist Period
, 390.

98
. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., “William Manning’s The Key of Libberty,”
WMQ
, 13 (1956), 202–54. Michael Merrill and Sean Wilentz have edited a modern edition of
The Key of Liberty: The Life and Democratic Writings of William Manning: “A Laborer,” 1747–1814
(Cambridge, MA, 1993), but unfortunately they have corrected all his phonetic spelling.

99
. Mason L. Weems,
The Life of Washington
(1809), ed. Marcus Cunliffe (Cambridge, MA, 1962), 203–14.

100
. A. G. Roeber,
Faithful Magistrates and Republican Lawyers: Creators of Virginia Legal Culture, 1680–1810
(Chapel Hill, 1981), 247, 251; Bogin,
Abraham Clark
, 32; Austin,
Matthew Lyon
, 64.

101
. Dowling,
Literary Federalism
, 15; George W. Corner, ed.,
Autobiography of Benjamin Rush
(Princeton, 1948), 338.

102
. Leary, “Dennie on Franklin,” in J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, eds.,
Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography
(New York, 1986), 244.

103
. Charles Royster,
Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution
(New York, 1981), 168.

104
. Timothy Dwight,
Travels in New England and New York
, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon (Cambridge, MA, 1969), 3: 372.

105
. [James Sullivan],
The Path to Riches: An Inquiry into the Origin and Use of Money; and into the Principles of Stocks and Banks
(Boston, 1792), 6. On this point of interests versus passions and the taming of ambition, see Albert O. Hirschman,
The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph
(Princeton, 1977); and J. M. Opal,
Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England
(Philadelphia, 2008).

106
. Steven Watts,
The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790–1820
(Baltimore, 1987), 186; Dowling,
Literary Federalism
, 15, 64.

107
. TJ to Joseph Priestley, 19 June 1802, in L and B, eds.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 10: 324–25.

1
. TJ to J.P.G. Muhlenberg, 31 Jan. 1781,
Papers of Jefferson,
4: 487; Reginald Horsman, “The Dimensions of an ‘Empire of Liberty’: Expansionism and Republicanism,”
JER
, 9 (1989), 6. On the Jeffersonian West, see François Furstenberg, “The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History,”
AHR
, 113 (2008), 647–77.

2
. Merrill D. Peterson,
Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography
(New York, 1970), 773.

3
. TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786, to George Rogers Clark, 25 Dec. 1780,
Papers of Jefferson
, 9: 218; 4: 237. On the different meanings of empire in the late eighteenth century, see Gerald Stourzh,
Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government
(Stanford, 1970), 189–95.

4
. TJ to Monroe, 24 Nov. 1801,
Jefferson: Writings
, 1097.

5
. Andro Linklater,
Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy
(New York, 2002), 76.

6
. Andrew R. L. Cayton, The
Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 1780–1825
(Kent, OH, 1986), 116; Henry Wansey,
The Journal of an Excursion to the United States of North America in the Summer of
1794 (New York, 1969), 183; J. M. Opal,
Beyond the Farm: National Ambitions in Rural New England
(Philadelphia, 2008), 45.

7
. Malcoln J. Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775–1850
(New York, 1978), 89–156.

8
. Ames to Christopher Gore, 3 Oct. 1803,
Works of Fisher Ames
(1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1462.

9
. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, “A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part I: Democracy in the Old Northwest,” and “A Meaning for Turner’s Frontier: Part II: The Southwest Frontier and New England,”
Political Science Quarterly
, 69 (1954), 321–53, 565–602.

10
. Kathleen M. Brown,
Foul Bodies: Cleanliness in Early America
(New Haven, 2009).

11
. Steven F. Miller, “Plantation Labor Organization and Slave Life on the Cotton Frontier: The Alabama-Mississippi Black Belt, 1815–1840,” in Ira Berlin and Philip D. Morgan, eds.,
Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas
(Charlottesville, 1993), 155–69; Andrew R. L. Cayton,
Frontier Indiana
(Bloomington, 1996), 183–87; Thomas P. Abernethy,
From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee: A Study in Frontier Democracy
(Chapel Hill, 1932), 146–51; Harriette Simpson Arnow,
Seedtime on the Cumberland
(Lexington, KY, 1960), 247–81; Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier
; Solon J. Buck and Elizabeth Hawthorn Buck,
The Planting of Civilization in Western Pennsylvania
(Pittsburgh, 1939), 333, 346–47.

12
. Adam Rothman,
Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South
(Cambridge, MA, 2005); Abernethy,
From Frontier to Plantation in Tennessee
, 208; Robert E. Corlew,
Tennessee: A Short History
(Knoxville, 1969, 1981), 209, 210.

13
. Paul Finkelman, “Slavery and the Northwest Ordinance: A Study in Ambiguity,”
JER
, 6 (1986), 343–70; and Finkelman, “Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois,”
JER
, 9 (1989), 21–51.

14
. Freeman Cleaves,
Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time
(New York, 1939), 9–32.

15
. Cayton,
Frontier Indiana
, 188–92, 246–47.

16
. Cayton,
Frontier Indiana
, 247–52; Patrick J. Furlong, “Jonathan Jennings,”
American National Biography
(New York, 1999), 11: 951–52; Reginald Horsman,
The Frontier in the Formative Years, 1783–1815
(New York, 1970), 92. Although Harrison himself ran a populist campaign for the presidency in 1840, using hard cider and a log cabin as his symbols to hide his aristocratic Virginia background, he had not forgotten what Jennings had done to him. In his inaugural address as president, Harrison called attention to this “old trick of those who would usurp the government of their country. In the name of democracy they speak, warning the people against the influence of wealth and the dangers of aristocracy. History, ancient and modern, is full of such examples.”

17
. Donald J. Ratcliffe,
Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821
(Columbus, OH, 1998), 102.

18
. Joyce Appleby,
Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans
(Cambridge, MA, 2000), 103.

19
. Jacob M. Price, “Economic Function and the Growth of American Port Towns in the Eighteenth Century,”
Perspectives in American History
, 8 (1974), 123–86; Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, “Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South,”
Perspectives in American History
, 10 (1976), 7–78.

20
. Rohrbough,
The Trans-Appalachian Frontier
, 140 .

21
. Elkins and Mckitrick, “A Meaning For Turner’s Frontier,” 572 .

22
. Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 335; Ratcliffe,
Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic
, 61, 74.

23
. AH to GW, 15 Sept. 1790,
Papers of Hamilton
, 7: 51–53.

24
. TJ to Archibald Stuart, 25 Jan. 1786,
Papers of Jefferson
, 9: 218.

25
. JM to TJ, 20 Aug. 1784,
Republic of Letters
, 339.

26
. TJ to Robert R. Livingston, 18 April 1802,
Jefferson: Writings
, 1104–7.