Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (155 page)

12
. S. W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793,”
WMQ
, 18 (1961), 110.

13
. TJ to George Mason, 4 Feb. 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 19: 241.

14
. TJ to William Short, 3 Jan. 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 25: 14.

15
. TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 67.

16
. TJ to William Branch Giles, 27 April 1795,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 337.

17
. John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era, 1789–1801
(New York, 1960), 127; TJ to William Carmichael, 15 Dec. 1787,
Papers of Jefferson
, 12: 424; TJ to JM, 28Aug. 1789,
Republic of Letters
, 629.

18
. Donald J. Ratcliffe,
Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821
(Columbus, OH, 1998), 20; Alfred F. Young,
The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797
(Chapel Hill, 1967), 363; Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty
(Boston, 1962), 71.

19
. Richard Buel Jr.,
Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815
(Ithaca, 1972), 42–43.

20
. TJ to JM, 28 April 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 25: 619.

21
. Joanne B. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor: National Politics In The New Republic
(New Haven, 2001), 45.

22
. John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era
, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 130; Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation,” 119.

23
. Ratcliffe,
Party Spirit In A Frontier Republic
, 94.

24
. JM to TJ, 19 June 1793, 13 June 1793,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 31, 29; JM to the Minister of the French Republic, April 1793,
Republic of Letters
, 778.

25
. AH, Pacificus No. I, 29 June 1793, Pacificus No. II, 3 July 1793, Pacificus No. III, 6 July 1793, Pacificus No. IV, 10 July 1793, Pacificus No. V, 13–17 July 1793, Pacificus No. VI, 17 July 1795, Pacificus No. VII, 27 July 1793,
Papers of Hamilton
, 15: 33–43, quotation at 38; 55–63; 65–69; 82–86; 90–95; 100–106, quotation at 103; 130–35.

26
. James Roger Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis
(New Haven, 1993), 79.

27
. TJ to JM, 7 July 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 444.

28
. JM to TJ, 30 July 1793,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 48.

29
. JM to TJ, 22 July 1793, and “Helvidius” No. 1, 24 Aug 1793,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 47, 72.

30
. JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 346–47.

31
. “The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet,”
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 686.

32
. Malone,
Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty
, 104.

33
. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 438.

34
. Harry Ammon, “The Genet Mission and the Development of American Political Parties,”
Jah
, 52 (1966), 725–41; Harry Ammon,
The Genet Mission
(New York, 1973).

35
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 351.

36
. JM to Archibald Stuart, 1 Sept. 1793,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 88.

37
. TJ, Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 438.

38
. In August 1793 Washington asked France for Genet’s recall, but when the French government complied, Genet, as a Girondin appointee, decided that his life might be in danger back in France, where the Jacobins had taken over. So he married the daughter of Governor George Clinton of New York, settled near Albany, and became an American citizen.

39
. TJ to JM, 3 Aug., 11 Aug. 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 606, 652.

40
. TJ to GW, 16 April 1784,
Papers of Jefferson
, 7: 106–7.

41
. “The Free Republican,” Boston
Independent Chronicle
, 8 Dec. 1785.

42
. Paine, “Common Sense” (1776), in Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1969), 1: 20, 21; David M. Fitzsimons, “Tom Paine’s New World Order: Idealistic Internationalism in the Ideology of Early American Foreign Relations,”
Diplomatic History
, 19 (1995), 569–82.

43
. Gerald Stourzh,
Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government
(Stanford, 1970), 146.

44
. JA, March–April 1776,
Diary and Autobiography
, 2: 236.

45
. Burton Spivak,
Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution
(Charlottesville, 1979), 1; Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson
(New York, 1990), 56.

46
. Tucker and Hendrickson,
Empire of Liberty
, 53.

47
. JA to BF, 17 Aug. 1780, in Felix Gilbert,
To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy
(Princeton, 1961), 86; Fitzsimons, “Tom Paine’s New World Order”; Robert Kagan,
Dangerous Nation
(New York, 2006), 59.

48
. American Commissioners to De Thulemeir, 14 March 1785,
Papers of Jefferson
, 8: 28.

49
. GW to Lafayette, 15 Aug. 1786, in Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of Washington
, 28: 520.

50
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 131.

51
. TJ to Tench Coxe, 1 May 1794,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 67.

52
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 386; Ames to Christopher Gore, 28 Jan. 1794, in W. B. Allen, ed.,
The Works of Fisher Ames
(Indianapolis, 1983), 2: 1028.

53
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 384–86.

54
. AH to GW, 8 Mar. 1794,
Papers of Hamilton
, 16: 134.

55
. Hamilton, Defense of the Funding System, July 1795,
Papers of Hamilton
, 19: 56.

56
. AH, “To Defence No. Xx,” 23–24 Oct. 1795,
Papers of Hamilton
, 19: 332.

57
. JM, “Helvidius,” No. 4, 14 Sept. 1793,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 108.

58
. James Monroe to TJ, 16 Mar. 1794, in S. M. Hamilton, ed.,
The Writings of James Monroe
(New York, 1898), 1: 286–88.

59
. JM to TJ, 11 May 1794,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 327–28.

60
. JM to TJ, 25 May 1794,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 337–38.

61
. JM to TJ, 16 Nov. 1794,
Republic of Letters
, 859.

62
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 119.

63
. TJ to JM, 21 Sept. 1795,
Republic of Letters
, 897.

64
. Marcus Daniels,
Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy
(New York, 2009), 138–44; Barry Schwartz,
George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol
((New York, 1987), 67–68.

65
. TJ to James Monroe, 6 Sept. 1795, TJ to Edward Rutledge, 30 Nov. 1795,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 542.

66
. Gw to the House of Representatives, 30 March 1796, in Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of Washington
, 35: 3, 5.

67
. TP,
The Age of Reason
(1794), in Philip Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(New York, 1969), 1: 600; Russell Blaine Nye,
The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830
(New York, 1960), 214; Daniels,
Scandal and Civility
, 242–49.

68
. Gary B. Nash, “The American Clergy and the French Revolution,”
WMQ
, 22 (1965), 402–12; Henry May,
The Enlightenment in America
(New York, 1976), 258.

69
. Elizabeth A. Perkins, “The Consumer Frontier: Household Consumption in Early Kentucky,”
JAH
, 78 (1991–92), 486–510.

70
. Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 842n.

71
. Max M. Edling and Mark D. Kaplanoff, “Alexander Hamilton’s Fiscal Reform: Transforming the Structure of Taxation in the Early Republic,”
WMQ
, 61 (2004), 712–44.

72
. Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860
(Boston, 1961), 73–74.

73
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 441, 842–43, 443.

74
. [Noah Webster],
The Revolution in France, Considered in Respect to Its Progress and Effects
(New York, 1794), in Ellis Sandoz, ed.,
Political Sermons of the Founding Era, 1750–1805
(Indianapolis, 1991), 1279;
Annals of Congress
, 3rd Congress, 2nd session, IV, 929; Albrecht Koschnik, “The Democratic Societies of Philadelphia and the Limits of the American Public Sphere, circa 1793–1795,”
WMQ
, 58 (2001), 615–36.

75
. JM to James Monroe, 4 Dec. 1794,
Papers of Madison
, 15: 406–7; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 487–88.

76
. AH, Conversation with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789,
Papers of Hamilton
, 5: 383.

77
. Gerard H. Clarfield,
Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
(Pittsburgh, 1980), 160–61; Elkins and McKitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 838.

78
. Elkins and Mckitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 500.

79
. John Ferling,
The First of Men: A Life of George Washington
(Knoxville, 1988), 465–66; GW to TJ, 6 July 1796,
Papers of Jefferson
, 29: 142–43.

80
. GW to AH, 25 Aug. 1796,
Papers of Hamilton
, 20: 308.

81
. Ferling,
First of Men
, 466.

82
. GW, Farewell Address (1796),
Washington: Writings
, 962–77.

1
. Manning J. Dauer,
The Adams Federalists
(Baltimore, 1953), 241; Marshall Smelser, “The Federalist Era as an Age of Passion,”
American Quarterly
, 10 (1958), 391–419.

2
. James Roger Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis
(New Haven, 1993), 142.

3
. Joseph Charles, “Hamilton and Washington: The Origins of the American Party System,”
WMQ
, 12 (1955), 414–15; AH to, 8Nov. 1796,
Papers of Hamilton
, 20:376–77; AH,
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States
, 24Oct. 1800,
Papers of Hamilton
, 25: 195.

4
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 149.

5
. Joanne B. Freeman, “The presidential Election of 1796,” in Richard Alan Ryerson, ed.,
John Adams and the Founding of the Republic
(Boston, 2001), 148.

6
. Joanne B. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic
(New Haven, 2001), 217–18; Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic,
147.

7
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic,
158.

8
. Stanley Elkins and Eric Mckitrick,
THe Age of Federalism
(NEw York, 1993), 535.

9
. ACtually, Samuel Adams and some other Boston patriots were eager for Adams to take on the defense of the soldiers, perhaps in an effort to protect the reputation of Boston in the empire. Hiller B. Zobel,
The boston massacre
(New york, 1970), 220–21.