Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (154 page)

16
. Introduction,
Republic of Letters
, 1–2.

17
. For an excellent discussion of the differences between the two men, see Drew R. McCoy,
The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy
(Cambridge, UK, 1989), 45–64.

18
. TJ to Abigail Adams, 22 Feb. 1787, Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, 1959), 1: 173.

19
. TJ to JM, 16Dec. 1786,
Papers of Jefferson
, 10: 603.

20
. N. P. Trist, Memoranda, 27 Sept. 1834, in Max Farrand, ed.,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, 1911, 1937), 3: 534; Michael Schwarz, “The Great Divergence Reconsidered: Hamilton, Madison, and U.S.–British Relations, 1783–89,”
JER
, 27 (2007), 407–36. “Administration” was a loaded word for radical Whigs; it meant the active exercising of the prerogative powers of the king or the executive.

21
. JM to TJ, 5Oct. 1794,
Republic of Letters
, 857.

22
. TJ to JM, 4Feb. 1790,
Papers of Jefferson
, 16: 131–34.

23
. Gordon S. Wood,
Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different
(New York, 2006), 110.

24
. TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 15 May 1791,
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 416.

25
. On this subject see Julian Boyd’s editorial note, “Jefferson, Freneau, and the Founding of the
National Gazette
,”
Papers of Jefferson
, 20: 718–53.

26
.
National Gazette
, 20 Feb. 1792.

27
. Lance Banning,
The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology
(Ithaca, 1978), 126–78.

28
. TJ’s Memoranda of Conversations with the President, 1 Mar. 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 23: 184–87.

29
. Bruce H. Mann,
Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence
(Cambridge, MA, 2002), 202, 194, 195.

30
. TJ to Henry Remsen, 14 Apr. 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 23: 426.

31
. AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 11: 429.

32
. AH to Edward Carrington, 26 May 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 11: 426–45.

33
. TJ to GW, 23 May 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 23: 535–40.

34
. AH to GW, 18 Aug. 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 12: 228–58.

35
. Ron Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
(New York, 2004), 390.

36
. GW to TJ, 23 Aug. 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 24: 317; GW to AH, 26 Aug. 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 12: 276–77.

37
. Dumas Malone,
Jefferson and the Rights of Man
(Boston, 1951), 463–64, 477, 473.

38
. AH to GW, 9Sept. 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 12: 348–49.

39
. TJ to GW, 9Sept. 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 24: 351–59.

40
. S.W. Jackman, “A Young Englishman Reports on the New Nation: Edward Thornton to James Bland Burges, 1791–1793,”
WMQ
, 18 (1961), 93.

41
. TJ, Notes of a Conversation with GW, 1 Oct. 1792,
Papers of Jefferson
, 24: 434.

42
. AH to GW, 30 July 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 12: 137–38.

43
. Milton Halsey Thomas, ed.,
Elias Boudinot’s Journey to Boston in 1809
(Princeton, 1955), 61 n.

44
. AH to John Steele, 15 Oct. 1792, AH to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 10 Oct. 1792,
Papers of Hamilton
, 12: 568–69, 544.

45
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 58.

46
. Joanne B. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic
(New Haven, 2001), 8; Joanne B. Freeman, “Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson’s ‘Anas’ and Political Gossip in the Early Republic,”
JER
, 15 (1995), 25–57, quotation at 29.

47
. Freeman,
Affairs of Honor
, 69.

48
. Jay to AH, 26 Nov. 1793,
Papers of Hamilton
, 15: 412–13.

49
. Noble E. Cunningham,
The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801
(Chapel Hill, 1957), 250.

50
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 67.

51
. TJ to Francis Hopkinson, 13 March 1789,
Papers of Jefferson
, 14: 650.

52
. JM, “A Candid State of Parties,” 26 Sept. 1792,
Madison: Writings
, 530–32.

53
. David Hackett Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy
(New York, 1965), 51.

54
. Richard H. Kohn,
Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802
(New York, 1975), 198.

55
. Sharp,
American Politics in the Early Republic
, 64.

56
. TJ to William Branch Giles, 31 Dec. 1795,
Papers of Jefferson
, 28: 566.

57
. John F. Hoadley, “The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803,”
American Political Science Review
, 74 (1980), 757–79.

58
. Matthew Schoenbacher, “Republicanism in the Age of the Democratic Revolution: The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s,”
JER
, 18 (1998), 237–62; Albrecht Koschnik,
“Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together”: Associations, Partisanship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840
(Charlottesville, 2007), 22–40.

59
. Koschnik,
“Let a Common Interest Bind Us Together
,” 31–32.

60
. Eugene Perry Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790–1800
(New York, 1942), 133.

61
. Richard Labunski,
James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights
(New York, 2006), 291–92.

62
. Carville Earle and Ronald Hoffman, “Urban Development in the Eighteenth-Century South,”
Perspectives in American History
, 10 (1976), 67.

63
. John Richard Alden,
The First South
(Baton Rouge, 1961), 9.

64
. Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787
(Chapel Hill, 1969), 97n.

65
. Carl Bridenbaugh,
Seat of Empire: The Political Role of Eighteenth-Century Williamsburg
(Williamsburg, 1950), 10; Higginson to JA, 8Aug. 1785, in J. Franklin Jameson, ed., “Letters of Stephen Higginson, 1783–1804,”
American Historical Association, Annual Report for 1896
(Washington, DC, 1897), 1: 728.

66
. TJ to Marquis de Chastellux, 2 Sept. 1785,
Jefferson: Writings
, 826–27.

67
. See, for examples, Joseph J. Ellis,
American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic
(New York, 2007), 163–204; Robin L. Einhorn,
American Taxation, American Slavery
(Chicago, 2006), 151–55, 184–99, 251–55.

68
. TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 164–65.

69
. Richard Buel Jr.,
Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815
(Ithaca, 1972), 72–90.

70
. Charles Warren,
Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics as Viewed in the Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames, 1758–1822
(New York, 1931), 53.

71
. TJ to JM, 13 May 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 26: 26.

72
. Two years Later, in 1795, Jefferson did attempt to explain how the “trifling” membership in the Federalist party, or “the Anti-republican party,” as he called it, could have the “appearance of strength and numbers.” The Federalists, he said, “all live in cities, together, and can act in a body readily and at all times; they give chief employment to the newspapers, and therefore have most of them under their control.” Although the Republicans outnumbered the Federalists by five hundred to one, Jefferson thought that “the Agricultural interest is dispersed over a great extent of country, have little means of intercommunications with each other,” and was vulnerable to the Federalists’ unity. TJ, “Notes on the Letter of Christopher Daniel Ebeling,” after 15Oct. 1795,
Jefferson Papers
, 28: 509.

73
. Roland M. Baumann, “John Swanwick,”
Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 97 (1973), 131–82, quotation at 142; Richard G. Miller,
Philadelphia—The Federalist City: A Study of Urban Politics, 1789–1801
(Port Washington, NY, 1976), 84–86.

74
. Paul Goodman,
The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic
(Cambridge, MA, 1964), 108–14.

75
. Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies
, 63.

76
. Gary J. Kornblith, “Artisan Federalism: New England Mechanics and the Political Economy of the 1790s,” in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
Launching the “Extended Republic”: The Federalist Era
(Charlottesville, 1996), 249–72; Lisa B. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston,” in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850
(Boston, 1997), 195–96.

77
. AH, Conversations with George Beckwith, Oct. 1789,
Papers of Hamilton
, 5: 483; Roland M. Baumann, “Philadelphia’s Manufacturers and the Excise Taxes of 1794,”
Pa. Mag. of Hist. and Biog
., 106 (1982), 17–18, 20, 22, 33; Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies
, 77.

78
. Andrew Shankman,
Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania
(Lawrence, KS, 2004), 62.

79
. Alfred F. Young,
The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797
(Chapel Hill, 1967), 407.

80
. Banning,
Jeffersonian Persuasion
, 213.

1
. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick,
The Age of Federalism
(New York, 1993), 309.

2
. Elkins and MCkitrick,
Age of Federalism
, 310; Philipp Ziesche, “Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Jefferson, and the National Struggle for Universal Rights in Revolutionary France,”
JER
, 26 (2006), 419–47.

3
. William Doyle,
The Oxford History of the French Revolution
(Oxford, 1989), 193; Simon F. Newman,
Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic
(Philadelphia, 1997), 124–25.

4
. Larry E. Tise,
American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800
(Mechanicsburg, PA, 1998), 4–6.

5
. Charles Warren,
Jacobin and Junto: Early American Politics As Viewed In The Diary of Dr. Nathaniel Ames
, 1758–1822 (New York, 1931), 51.

6
. TJ to Joseph Fay, 18 March 1793,
Papers of Jefferson
, 25: 402; Jay Winik,
The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800
(New York, 2007), 463; Charles D. Hazen,
Contemporary American Opinion of the French Revolution
(1897; Gloucester, MA, 1964), 257.

7
. AH to _____, 18 May 1793,
Papers of Hamilton
, 16: 475–76.

8
. Hazen,
American Opinion of the French Revolution
, 276, 277.

9
. Newman,
Parades and the Politics of the Street
, 125.

10
. Susan Branson,
These Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia
(Philadelphia, 2001), 109; Heather Nathans,
Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People
(Cambridge, UK, 2003), 79–81.

11
. Annette Gordon-Reed,
The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
(New York, 2008), 468–69.