Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815 (149 page)

28
. “Madison’s Observations on Jefferson’s Draft of a Constitution for Virginia” (1788),
Papers of Jefferson
, 6: 308–9; Ezra Stiles, “The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor” (1783), in John W. Thornton, ed.,
The Pulpit of the American Revolution
(Boston, 1860), 420.

29
. “Address of the Council of Censors,” 14 Feb. 1786, in William Slade, ed.,
Vermont State Papers
(Middlebury, VT, 1823), 540.

30
. Wood,
Creation of the American Republic
, 405.

31
. TJ,
Notes on the State of Virginia
, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill, 1955), 120.

32
. JA, “Novanglus,” in Adams, ed.,
Works
, 4: 79.

33
. JM, “Vices of the Political System of the United States” (1787),
Madison: Writings
, 75.

34
. Richard Price,
Observations on the Importance of the American Revolution
(Dublin, 1785), 85.

35
. GW to John Hancock, 24 Sept. 1776, in Fitzpatrick, ed.,
Writings of Washington
, 6: 107–8.

36
. Theodore Sedgwick,
A Memoir of the Life of William Livingston
(New York, 1833), 403.

37
. Christopher Grasso,
A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut
(Chapel Hill, 1999), 386.

38
. Morris to John Penn, 20 May 1774, in Merrill Jensen, ed.,
American Colonial Documents to 1776
(London, 1955), 861–63.

39
. [BR], “To the Freeman of the United States,”
Pennsylvania Gazette
, 30 May 1787, in John P. Kaminski et al., eds.,
Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution
(Madison, WI, 1976–), 13: 116.

40
. Aristotle,
Politics
, VII.ix.1328 b33, trans. T. A. Sinclair, rev. Trevor J. Saunders (New York, 1981), 415.

41
. JA, Notes for “A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law” (1765),
Papers of Adams
, 1: 107.

42
. Henry Dwight Sedgwick,
In Praise of Gentlemen
(Boston, 1933), 130n.

43
. TJ to JA, 28 Oct. 1813, in Lester J. Cappon, ed.,
The Adams-Jefferson Letters: The Complete Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and Abigail and John Adams
(Chapel Hill, 1959), 2: 388; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bernard Bailyn, ed.,
The Debate on the Constitution
(New York, 1993), 2: 760, 761.

44
. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
The Debate on the Constitution
, 2: 761.

45
. James Kent, “An Introductory Lecture to a Course of Law Lectures,” (1794), in Hyneman and Lutz, eds.,
American Political Writing During the Founding Era
, 2: 947; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., 30 May 1790,
Papers of Jefferson
, 16: 449.

46
. JA, Jan. 1776,
Diary and Autobiography
, 1: 198.

47
. JA,
A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States
(1787–88), in Adams, ed.,
Works
, 6: 185.

48
. Noah Webster, “On the Education of Youth in America” (1790), in Frederick Rudolph, ed.,
Essays on Education in the Early Republic
(Cambridge, MA, 1965), 56.

49
. Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Oxford, 1976) (V.i.f 50–51), 2: 781–83.

50
. Francis Hutcheson,
A System of Moral Philosophy in Three Books
(London, 1755), 2: 113.

51
. TJ to Richard Henry Lee, 17 June 1779, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 2: 192; TJ to William Duane, 1 Oct. 1812, in L and B, eds.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 6: 80; TJ to Francis Willis, 13 April 1790, in Ford, ed.,
Writings of Jefferson
, 5: 157; BF to Cadwallader Colden, 11 Oct. 1750,
Papers of Franklin
, 4: 68.

52
. Bernard Bailyn,
The Origins of American Politics
(New York, 1968), 143; Gordon S. Wood,
The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin
(New York, 2004), 183.

53
. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 2: 761; Wilson, “On the History of Property,” in McCloskey, ed.,
Works of Wilson
, 2: 716; John Dickinson, “Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” in Paul L. Ford, ed.,
The Writings of John Dickinson
, vol. 1,
Political Writings, 1764–1774
(Penn. Historical Society,
Memoirs
, 14 [Philadelphia, 1895 ]), 307.

54
. Charles Chauncey to Richard Price, 1774, in D. C. Thomas and Bernard Peach, eds.,
The Correspondence of Richard Price
(Durham, 1983), 1: 170.

55
. David Duncan Wallace,
The Life of Henry Laurens
(New York, 1915), 335.

56
.
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
, ed. Leonard Labaree et al. (New Haven, 1964), 196.

57
. TJ to John Page, 30 July 1776,
Papers of Jefferson
, 1: 482; Susan Dunn,
Dominion of Memories: Jefferson, Madison, and the Decline of Virginia
(New York, 2007), 31.

58
. AH,
Federalist
No. 35.

59
. T. H. Breen,
The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence
(New York, 2004).

60
. Lisa B. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist: The Business of Building in Postrevolutionary Boston,” in Conrad Edrick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850
(Boston, 1997), 181.

61
. George Rudé,
Hanoverian London, 1714–1808
(Berkeley, 1971), 37, 56–57.

62
. Lubow, “From Carpenter to Capitalist,” in Wright and Viens, eds.,
Entrepreneurs
, 185; Howard B. Rock,
Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson
(New York, 1979), 295–322.

63
. Terry Bouton,
Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
(New York, 2007), 33.

64
. Heather Nathans,
Early American Theater from the Revolution to Thomas Jefferson: Into the Hands of the People
(Cambridge, UK, 2003), 85, 92–100, 106–14.

65
. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 2: 773.

66
. AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788,
Papers of Hamilton
, 5: 41.

67
. Charles Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and the American Character, 1775–1783
(Chapel Hill, 1979), 87, 91.

68
. AStuart M. Blumin,
The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900
(Cambridge, UK, 1989); Howard B. Rock,
Artisans of the New Republic: Tradesmen of New York City in the Age of Jefferson
(New York, 1979), 295–322.

69
. Bernard Bailyn,
The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
, enlarged ed. (Cambridge, MA, 1992), 321–79, sees the Constitution as the fulfillment of the Revolution with little or no social conflict involved. Beginning with J. Allen Smith,
Spirit of American Government, a Study of the Constitution: Its Origin, Influence and Relation to Democracy
(1907), and continuing with probably the most famous history book in American history, Charles Beard,
An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
(1913), Progressive and Neo-Progressive historians have viewed the Constitution as an undemocratic document foisted on an unwilling populace. For modern versions of this Progressive interpretation, see Terry Bouton,
Taming Democracy: “The People,” the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution
(New York, 2007); and Woody Holton,
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution
(New York, 2007).

70
. Joseph Savage to Samuel Phillips Savage, 17 July 1787, Savage Family, MG 836, New Jersey Historical Society. (I owe this reference to Brendan McConville.)

71
. JM to GW, 16 April 1787,
Madison: Writings
, 81.

72
. JM to GW, 16 April 1787,
Madison: Writings
, 81. For Madison’s downplaying of the executive in the state governments, see JM to Caleb Wallace, 23 August 1785, ibid., 41–42.

73
. JM,
Federalist
Nos. 57, 51.

74
. JM,
Federalist
NO. 10.

75
. JM, “Vices of the Political System,”
Madison: Writings
, 79.

76
. JM to GW, 16 April 1787, to Edmund Randolph, 8 April 1787,
Papers of Madison
, 9: 384, 370; JM,
Federalist
No. 10; John Zvesper, “The Madisonian Systems,”
Western Political Quarterly
, 37 (1984), 244–47.

77
. Gerald Stourzh,
Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government
(Stanford, 1970), 175; Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 2: 778.

78
. TJ, “A Bill for a More General Diffusion of Knowledge” (1778),
Papers of Jefferson
, 2: 527.

79
. Max Farrand, ed.,
The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
(New Haven, 1911, 1937), 2: 278.

80
. David Waldstreicher,
In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 95.

81
. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 2: 761.

82
. The Constitution, Article I, Section 8.

83
. Joel Barlow,
Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe
(1792, 1795) (Ithaca, 1956), 17; Harry C. Payne,
The Philosophes and the People
(New Haven, 1976), 7–17; Fisher Ames, Dec. 1796,
Annals of Congress
, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1642.

84
. Virginia Ratifying Convention, in John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds.,
The Documentary History of the Constitution
(Madison, WI, 1999), 9: 1044–45.

85
. Debate in the New York Ratifying Convention, 17 June–26 July 1788, in Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 778–79; AH, New York Ratifying Convention, 21 June 1788,
Papers of Hamilton
, 5: 41; Young,
Democratic Republicans of New York
, 45.

86
. Waldstreicher,
In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes
, 105.

87
. BR to Elias Boudinot? Observations on the Federal Procession in Philadelphia, 9 July 1788,
Letters of Rush
, 1: 470–75.

88
. Russell Blaine Nye,
The Cultural Life of the New Nation, 1776–1830
(New York, 1960), 30. For a fuller version of this argument, see Gordon S. Wood, “The American Enlightenment,” in Gary L. McDowell and Jonathan O’Neill, eds.,
America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism
(New York, 2006), 159–75.

89
. JA, “Dissertation on the Feudal and Canon Law” (1765), in Gordon S. Wood, ed.,
The Rising Glory of America, 1760–1820
(New York, 1971), 29.

90
. Address to the President, Dec. 1796,
Annals of Congress
, 4th Congress, 2nd session, 1612, 1638, 1641–42.

91
. Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
1: 686.

92
. Thomas Paine, “Letter to the Abbé Raynal,” in Foner, ed.,
Writings of Paine
, 2: 243–44.

93
. Bailyn, ed.,
Debate on the Constitution
, 1: 765.

94
. Liam Riordan,
Many Identities, One Nation: The Revolution and Its Legacy in the Mid-Atlantic
(Philadelphia, 2007).

95
. Hector St. John Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
(New York, 1981), Letter III, 69.

96
. Fisher Ames, “Falkland III,” 10 Feb. 1801,
Works of Fisher Ames
(1854), ed. W. B. Allen (Indianapolis, 1983), 1: 216.