Brand Luther: How an Unheralded Monk Turned His Small Town Into a Center of Publishing, Made Himself the Most Famous Man in Europe--And Started the Protestant Reformation (57 page)

33
. The canonical work is Philipp Schmidt,
Die Illustration der Lutherbibel, 1522–1700
(Basel: Reinhardt, 1977), 93–112.

34
. WABr II, 525, n. 1.

35
. Luther to Spalatin, September [20], 1522. WABr II, 598.
Letters
II, 15–16.

36
. Conveniently listed in Heimo Reinitzer,
Biblia Deutsch: Luthers Bibelübersetzung und ihre Tradition
(Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 1983), 116–27.

37
. USTC 633799 (Galatians), 641835 (Romans).

38
. The trials and tribulations of finishing this project are expertly set out by Martin Brecht in
Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation,
1521–1532
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), 46–56, and
Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church,
1532
–
1546
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990), 95–113.

39
. Reinitzer,
Biblia Deutsch,
199.

40
. Though curiously, Luther approved. Luther to Amsdorf, January 13, 1522. WABr II, 422–23.
Letters
I, 363.

41
. Luther to Amsdorf, September 9, 1521. WABr II, 390–91.
Letters
I, 311.

42
. In both cases, by the faithful Rhau-Grunenberg. USTC 650579 (
Endschuldigung des Falschen Namens der Auffruer
), USTC 653446 (
Erklerung wie Carlstat Sein Lere von dem Hochwirdigen Sacrament, und Andere Achtet und Geachtet Haben Will
). Luther’s two prefaces are in
Prefaces
I, 127–37.

43
. Ibid., 130.

44
. Martin Luther,
Table Talk,
ed. Theodore G. Tappert, LW 54, 141.

45
. USTC 649728.

Chapter Eight: The Reformation in the Cities

1
. R. W. Scribner, “Anticlericalism and the German Reformation,” in his
Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany
(London: Hambledon, 1987), 243–57.

2
. R. W. Scribner, “Erasmians and Reform in Erfurt,”
Journal of Religious History
9 (1976), 3–31. Scribner, “Civic Unity and the Reformation in Erfurt,”
Past and Present
66 (1975), 29–60.

3
. Hans J. Hillerbrand,
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
4 vols. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), II, 425.

4
. CE III, 35–36. Hillerbrand,
Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
III, 183–85.

5
. Gerald Strauss,
Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1966), 165.

6
. Rainer Postel,
Die Reformation in Hamburg, 1517–1528
(Gütersloh: Mohn, 1986).

7
. Hillerbrand,
Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
IV, 118–19.

8
. Ibid., IV, 102–3.

9
. D. F. Wright, ed.,
Martin Bucer: Reforming Church and Community
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

10
. CE I, 193–94. Hillerbrand,
Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
I, 214–16.

11
. CE III, 24–27. Hillerbrand,
Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
III, 169–71.

12
. James S. Hirstein, “Wolfgang Capito and the Other Docti in Johann Froben’s Basel Print Shop,” in Erika Rummel and Milton Kooistra, eds.,
Reformation Sources: The Letters of Wolfgang Capito and His Fellow Reformers in Alsace and Switzerland
(Toronto: CRRS, 2007), 19–43.

13
. Luther to Capito, January 17, 1522. WABr II, 430–34.
Letters
I, 372–79. Capito’s letter of December 4, 1520, is reproduced in WABr II, 222–26, and summarized in Erika Rummel, ed.,
The Correspondence of Wolfgang Capito,
3 vols. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), I, 110.

14
. William S. Stafford,
Domesticating the Clergy: The Inception of the Reformation in Strasbourg, 1522–1524
(Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1976). Miriam Usher Chrisman,
Strasbourg and the Reform
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967).

15
. Hummelberg to Vadian, March 7, 1521.
Correspondence
I, 486.

16
. Blaurer to von Botzheim, February 15, 1521.
Correspondence
I, 464.

17
. January 25, 1521. Boniface was in Avignon, and Basil in Basel.
Correspondence
I, 448.

18
. Hillerbrand,
Encyclopedia of the Reformation,
I, 12.

19
. With 101 editions between 1517 and 1525. USTC.

20
. A conclusion drawn from analysis of data in the USTC, searching for 1520 to 1525 and filtering for place (Holy Roman Empire), type (religious), and format (quarto).

21
. Miriam Usher Chrisman,
Lay Culture, Learned Culture: Books and Social Change in Strasbourg 1480–1599
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 3–36, 151–69.

22
. USTC. Hans-Jörg Künast,
“Getruckt zu Augspurg”: Buchdruck und Buchhandel in Augsburg Zwischen 1468 und 1555
(Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997). Künast, “Martin Luther und der Buchdruck in Augsburg, 1518–1530,” in H. Gier and R. Schwarz, eds.,
Reformation und Reichsstadt—Luther in Ausgburg
(Augsburg: Dr. Wissner Verlag, 1996), 65–77.

23
. The exception was Philip Melanchthon.

24
.
Correspondence
I, 422, 429.

25
.
Correspondence
I, 456.

26
. The imperial press was run by Hans von Erfurt, who came from Augsburg. The Mainz press of Peter Schöffer had also established a branch office in Worms in 1518. Christoph Reske,
Die Buchdrucker des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts im Deutschen Sprachgebiet: Auf der Grundlage des Gleichnamigen Werkes von Josef Benzing
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007), 1019–20. For the absence of local Reformation printing see USTC.

27
. Luther to Spalatin, February 17, 1521.
Correspondence
I, 466.

28
. Scribner, “Erasmians,” 23.

29
. USTC 665548.

30
. It still went through four editions.

31
. Richard G. Cole, “The Reformation Pamphlet and the Communication Process,” in Hans-Joachim Köhher, ed.,
Flugschriften als Massenmedium der Reformationszeit
(Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981), 145.

32
. USTC.

33
. Geoffrey Dipple,
Antifraternalism and Anticlericalism in the German Reformation: Johann Eberlin von Günzburg and the Campaign Against the Friars
(Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), 2.

34
. A question much debated; see Bernd Moeller, “What Was Preached in German Towns in the Early Reformation,” in C. Scott Dixon, ed.,
The German Reformation
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), 33–52.

35
. Mark U. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 86.

36
. Miriam Usher Chrisman,
Conflicting Visions of Reform: German Lay Propaganda Pamphlets, 1519–1530
(Boston: Humanities Press, 1996). Paul A. Russell,
Lay Theology in the Reformation: Popular Pamphleteers in Southwest Germany, 1521–1525
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

37
. Lazarus Spengler,
Schutzred unnd Christenliche Antwurt ains Erbern Liebhabers Gotlicher Warhayt
(
Why Dr. Martin Luther’s Teaching Should Not Be Rejected as Unchristian but Rather Be Regarded as Christian
). USTC 692555. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda,
53.

38
. David V. N. Bagchi,
Luther’s Earliest Opponents: Catholic Controversialists, 1518–1525
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009), 210–14. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda
.

39
. Thomas Murner,
Von Doctor Martinus Luters Leren und Predigen
(Strasbourg: Johann Grüninger, 1520). USTC 703761. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda,
62.

40
.
Correspondence
I, 497.
Prefaces
I, 25–26.

41
. Allyson F. Creasman,
Censorship and the Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012).

42
. A good example is the anonymous pamphlet posted up in Erfurt in 1520, discussed on pages 211–12.

43
. Reske,
Buchdrucker,
519–20. When Ducal Saxony converted to Protestantism two years later, Wolrab also switched to the publication of Protestant works, to the fury of Cochlaeus.

44
. Bagchi,
Luther’s Earliest Opponents,
200.

45
. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda,
77.

46
. Impressum Romas per Jacobum Mazochium. USTC 617363. Illustrated in Karl Schottenloher, “Die Druckauflagen der päpstlichen Lutherbulle ‘Exsurge Domine.’”
Zeitschrift für Bucherfreunde
9 (1917), 197.

47
. The USTC lists 542 works for Hans Sachs, of which 407 were published in Nuremberg.

48
. USTC, and see Helmut Claus,
Das Leipziger Druckschaften der Jahre 1518–1539
(Gotha: Forschungsbibliothek, 1987).

49
. A copy of the edict in Heimo Reinitzer,
Biblia Deutsch: Luthers Bibelübersetzung und ihre Tradition
(Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 1983), 194–95.

50
. Felician Gess, ed.,
Akten und Briefe zur Kirchenpolitik Herzog Georgs von Sachsen, Volume I: 1517–1524
(Leipzig: Teubner, 1905), 641. Quoted in Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda,
14.

51
. Frank Aurich,
Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks in Dresden: Die Emserpresse 1524–1526
(Dresden: SLUB, 2000). Reske,
Buchdrucker,
162–63.

52
. USTC.

53
. Reske,
Buchdrucker,
516–17.

54
. Ibid., 517–18.

55
. USTC. Reske,
Buchdrucker,
314.

56
. Reske,
Buchdrucker,
183.

57
. He provided ten fonts of type, so the Emser press was especially well supplied for an enterprise of its size. Reske,
Buchdrucker,
163.