Brand Luther: How an Unheralded Monk Turned His Small Town Into a Center of Publishing, Made Himself the Most Famous Man in Europe--And Started the Protestant Reformation (55 page)

14
. USTC 626334.

15
. Benzing 115–24.

16
. Luther sets out eloquently the multiple claims on his time in a slightly later letter of March 1519. Luther to Spalatin, March 13, 1519. WABr I, 359–360.
Letters
I, 111–15.

17
. Benzing 234–39 (
Acta Augustana
), 240–48 (
Appellatio
).

18
. WABr I, 280–81.

19
. Benzing 416–30.

20
. For the prehistory of the Leipzig Disputation see particularly Martin Brecht,
Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985), 299–309.

21
. Benzing 392–396 (though some of these were a revised edition published after the debate).

22
. For Emser, CE I, 429–30.

23
. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
313–14.

24
. Jerome Emser,
De Disputatione Lipsicensi
(Leipzig: Melchior I Lotter, 1519); Melanchthon,
Epistola de Lipsica Disputatione
. Melanchthon’s work was printed four times while Emser’s contribution required only a single edition. USTC 629501 (Emser), 651520, 651522–651524 (Melanchthon).

25
. Benzing 408–15.

26
. Three editions of each work;
Disputatio Adversus D, Martini Lutter,
USTC 638161, 638162, 638164,
Excusatio ad Philippis Melanchton,
USTC 655190–655192.

27
. Karlstadt’s writings were published in twenty-two editions in these years, Melanchthon’s in eighteen, and Eck’s in twenty-six.

28
. On Augsburg printing in this era see particularly Hans-Jörg Künast,
“Getruckt zu Augspurg”: Buchdruck und Buchhandel in Augsburg Zwischen 1468 und 1555
(Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997).

29
. USTC.

30
. USTC 639278.

31
. USTC 608977, Benzing 2a, 3. In February 1519 Froben informed Luther that he had sent six hundred copies to France and Spain, “where they were read and approved by the Doctors of the Sorbonne.” WABr I, 331–35.
Correspondence
I, 161–62.

32
. Benzing 4, 5. Older authorities speak of a second Froben edition, but this seems to be a confusion with this Strasbourg work.

33
. See Froben in CE II, 60–63, and
Corr. Eras.
EP 904, n. 20, for evidence Erasmus instructed Froben not to print Luther. Below, chapter 9, for Erasmus’s complicated relationship with Luther.

34
. USTC records 416 editions published in the Holy Roman Empire in 1517; 1103 in 1520; 1332 in 1523. In the same year 1523 Italian presses turned out 327 editions, and France, 329.

35
. Below, chapter 6. For an excellent case study see Gerhard Piccard, “Papierzeugung und Buchdruck in Basel bis zum Beginn des 16. Jahrhunderts,”
Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens
8 (1967), 26–322.

36
. For a marvelously atmospheric vignette of the work of a major merchant publisher see Barbara C. Halporn,
The Correspondence of Johann Amerbach
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000).

37
. Luther to Spalatin, August 28, 1518. WABr I, 190–91.
Letters
I, 75.

38
. For instance the reply to Priarias, Benzing 224–26.
Letters
I, 75.

39
. For context, Thomas Döring, “Der Leipziger Buchdruck vor der Reformation,” in Irene Dingel and Henning P. Jürgens, eds.,
Meilensteine der Reformation. Schlüsseldokumente der frühen Wirksamkeit Martin Luthers
(Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2014), 87–98. Helmut Claus,
Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Leipziger Buchdrucks von Luthers Thesenanschlag bis zur Einführung der Reformation in Herzogtum Sachsen
(Berlin: Humboldt-Universität, 1973).

40
. Chapter 2.

41
.
Instructio Summaria,
USTC 669147. Hans Volz, “Der St. Peters-Ablass und das Deutsche Druckgewerbe,”
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
(1966), n. 3.

42
. USTC 704278, 689669, 689670.

43
. Benzing 224–226.

44
. Luther to Spalatin. May 8, 1519. WABr I, 381–84.

45
. WABr I, 425 n. 5.

46
. Benzing 416–420, with subsequent reprints and translations, 421–30.

47
. Robert Proctor,
An Index of German Books 1501–1520 in the British Museum
(London: Holland Press, 1903/1954), has an index of the printing types; here, 125–28 (Lotter Senior, Leipzig), 162–63 (Lotter Junior, Wittenberg).

Chapter Five: Outlaw

1
. E. G. Schwiebert,
Luther and His Times: The Reformation from a New Perspective
(St. Louis: Concordia, 1950), 439.

2
. Benzing 591–604, seven editions in Latin, and seven in the German translation of Georg Spalatin. There were also translations into Dutch, French, and English. Benzing 605–608. WA 6, 104–134; LW 42, pp. 117–66.

3
. Luther to Spalatin, March 13, 1519. WABr I, 359–60.
Letters
I, 113.

4
. WA 6, 202–76. LW 44, 15–114. Also available through the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/luther/good_works.html.

5
. LW 44, 22.

6
. Benzing 633–44 (
Good Works
), 669–79 (
Sermon on the Mass
).

7
. Strasbourg, Matthias Schürer, February 1519. Benzing 4. USTC 608979.

8
.
Condemnatio Doctrinalis: Responsio Lutheriana
(Wittenberg: Melchior II Lotter, 1520). Benzing 627. USTC 623261. This was reprinted in Leipzig, Augsburg, Schlettstadt, Mainz, Antwerp, and Vienna. Benzing 628–632a.

9
.
Correspondence
I, 484.

10
. This is not surprising, given that the first edition of Luther’s ninety-five theses has also been lost. But in the case of
Exsurge Domine
many more copies would probably have been printed (Eck apparently brought one hundred copies of the bull with him to Germany), and there is a fair chance that at least one presently lurks unnoticed in some church archive.

11
. Karl Schottenloher, “Die Druckauflagen der päpstlichen Lutherbulle ‘Exsurge Domine.’”
Zeitschrift für Bucherfreunde
9 (1917), 197–208. The editions are listed in the USTC.

12
. USTC 617441 (Prüss), 617438 (Schott), 617364 (Landsberg).

13
. USTC 666606 (Ingolstadt), 640786 (Cologne).

14
.
Von den Eckischen Bullen und Lügen
(
On Eck’s New Bull and Lies
), Benzing 718–23.
Adversus Execrabilem Antichristi Bullam,
Benzing 724–27.

15
.
Assertio Omnium Articulorum M. Lutheri per Bullam Leonis
X (
Assertion of All the Articles
)
,
Benzing 779–83.

16
. WA 6, 404–69. LW 44, 115–217.

17
. LW 44, 153, 154 (in a slightly less vivid translation). This version comes from Schwiebert,
Luther
, 471–2.

18
. Benzing 683–96.

19
. WA 6, 497–573. LW 36, 3–126.

20
. Benzing 734–53 (
Von der Freiheit
), 755–64 (
De Libertate
).

21
. Luther to Spalatin, December 10, 1520. WABr II, 234.
Letters
I, 186–87.

22
. Andrew Pettegree,
The Book in the Renaissance
(London and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 203, 205. Richard Friedenthal,
Luther
(London: Weidenfeld, 1967), 251.

23
. Benzing 1014–24. Gerald Fleming, “On the Origin of the Passional Christi und Antichristi and Lucas Cranach’s Contribution to Reformation Polemics,”
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
(1973), 351–368. F.W.H. Hollstein,
German Engravings: Etchings and Woodcuts, ca. 1400–1700
(Amsterdam: Hertzberger, 1954–), VI, 40–41.

24
. P. Kalkoff, ed.,
Die Depeschen des Nuntius Aleander von Wormser Reichstage 1521
(Halle: Niemeyer, 1897), 166.
Correspondence
I, 521–22.

25
. Kalkoff,
Depeschen,
69 ff.
Correspondence
I, 454–61.

26
. The books exhibited are listed in the two contemporary accounts reproduced in LW 32, 101–32. Von der Ecken is not to be confused with Luther’s old adversary Johann Eck, though von der Ecken was as determined an opponent, and had organized the burning of Luther’s books at Trier.

27
. Schwiebert,
Luther,
504–5.

28
. Duke John, Frederick’s brother, had apparently discovered Luther’s whereabouts by September, having previously been kept in the dark.
Letters
I, 307, 319.

29
. Luther to Philip Melanchthon, May 26, 1521. WABr II, 347–49.
Letters
I, 234.

30
. Benzing 944–946 (
Rationis Latomianae
), 972–75 (
Ein Urteil der Theologen zu Paris
).

31
. Benzing 827–32, 868–71.

32
. Although Luther was initially not pleased with Spalatin’s intervention, and submitted only after some testy correspondence.
Letters
I, 325, 350, 353.

33
. Luther to Lang, January 26, 1520. WABr I, 619.
Letters
I, 150.
Operationes in Psalmos,
1519–1521, Benzing 516. It is notable that later editions printed in Basel manage to print the work as an integrated whole. Benzing 517–18. The threatened Lotter reprint seems not to have been published.

34
. Benzing 947.

35
. Luther to Spalatin, August 15, 1521. WABr II, 379–81.
Letters
I, 292–93.

36
. Benzing 944–45. USTC 688352, 689876. Benzing 948–49.

37
. Benzing 948–49.

38
. Luther to Spalatin, August 15, 1521. WABr II, 379–381.
Letters
I, 295.

39
. Luther to Spalatin, August 6, 1521. WABr II, 377–78.
Letters
I, 290–91.

40
.
Letters
I, 290.

41
. And this is exactly what happened, though if Lotter’s typefaces were used it was still printed in Rhau-Grunenberg’s shop. Benzing 1061, 1064, with continuations and many subsequent editions. Luther to Spalatin, August 15, 1521. WABr II, 379–81.
Letters
I, 296.

42
. Luther to Spalatin, July 31, 1521. WABr II, 368–69.
Letters
I, 276.