Brand Luther: How an Unheralded Monk Turned His Small Town Into a Center of Publishing, Made Himself the Most Famous Man in Europe--And Started the Protestant Reformation (53 page)

20
.
Dye Zaigung des Hochlobwirdigen Hailigthums der Stifftkirchen aller Hailigen zu Wittenburg
(Wittenberg: Symphorian Reinhart, 1509). USTC 641851. For a list of the woodcuts see F.W.H. Hollstein,
German Engravings: Etchings and Woodcuts, ca. 1400–1700
(Amsterdam: Hertzberger, 1954–), VI, 72–76.

21
. Junghans,
Wittenberg als Lutherstadt,
51.

22
. Since 1720, the Golden Eagle, and still a splendid and atmospheric hotel. See http://www.goldeneradler-wittenberg.de/index.php?link=Hotel.

23
. Junghans,
Wittenberg als Lutherstadt
, 107–9.

24
. USTC. See also Maria Grossmann,
Wittenberger Drucke 1502–1517: Ein bibliographischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Humanismus in Deutschland
(Vienna: Krieg, 1971).

25
. The surviving books account for only seventy days’ work; even allowing for the numerous saints’ days, this implies that it was working at around one-third capacity.

26
. Vicky Rothe, “Wittenberger Buchgewerbe und -handel im 16. Jahrhundert,” in Heiner Lück et al., eds.,
Das ernestinische Wittenberg: Stadt und Bewohner.
Wittenberg-Forschungen, 2.1 (Petersberg: Michael Imhof, 2013), 77–90.

27
. Grossmann,
Wittenberger Drucke.

28
. The largest books published certainly benefited from the elector’s financial support. Below, chapter 2.

29
. USTC.

30
. USTC. See also, for a survey based on more rudimentary statistical data, Mark U. Edwards,
Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).

31
. The figures are computed from the USTC.

Chapter Two: The Making of a Revolutionary

1
.
Scriptorium Insignium Qui in Celeberrimis, Praesertim Lipsiensi, Wittenbergensi, Francofordiana ad Oderam, Academiis a Fundatione Ipsarum usque ad Annum Christi Floruerunt, Centuria
. This document was rediscovered and published at Helmstedt in 1660. See Bernd Moeller, “Das Berühmtwerden Luthers,”
Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung
15 (1988), 65–92, here 67.

2
. Luther’s very brief reminiscence on the origins of the Reformation, appended as a preface to the 1545 Latin edition of the collected works, is available at LW 34, 323–38.

3
. Johannes Cochlaeus,
Commentaria de Actis et Scriptis Martini Lutheri
(Mainz: Beham, 1549). USTC 663508. See Elizabeth Vandiver et al., eds.,
Luther’s Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), which also includes the short biographical sketch of Philip Melanchthon.

4
. Some uncertainty persists, with his mother remembering 1484 as the year. Most evidence, however, coalesces around 1483.

5
. This sketch of Luther’s early life draws mainly on Martin Brecht,
Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985), E. G. Schwiebert,
Luther and His Times: The Reformation from a New Perspective
(St. Louis: Concordia, 1950), and Heiko Oberman,
Luther: Man Between God and the Devil
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982). See also, most recently, Heinz Schilling,
Martin Luther: Rebell in einer Zeit des Umbruchs
(Munich: Beck, 2012).

6
. In 1507 Luther’s father owed the considerable sum of one hundred gulden for a mortgage on the family house. Brecht,
Road to Reformation
, 10.

7
. Erik H. Erikson,
Young Man Luther
(London: Faber & Faber, 1959). The influence of Erikson’s once seminal work is probably now most evident in John Osborne’s powerful drama of Luther’s life, first performed in 1961.

8
. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
33–34.

9
. Oberman,
Luther,
125–29.

10
. Ibid., 147.

11
. Here, most usefully, Maria Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg, 1485–1517
(Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1975)
.

12
. Ibid., 41.

13
.
Libellus de Laudibus Germaniae et Ducum Saxoniae
(Bologna: Faelli, 1506). USTC 855511.

14
. Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg,
64. F. von Soden and J.K.F. Knaake, eds.,
Christoph Scheurl: Briefbuch,
2 vols. (Potsdam, 1867–72; repr., Aalen: Zeller, 1962), I, 26.

15
. Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg,
55–56.

16
. Andreas Meinhardi,
Dialogus Illustrate ac Augustissime Urbis Albiorene Vulgo Vittenberg Dicte Situm Amenitatem ac Illustrationem Docens Tirocinia Nobilium Artiu Iacentibus Editus
(Leipzig: Martin Lansberg, 1508). USTC 636015. Available in translation as Edgar C. Reinke, ed.,
The Dialogus of Andreas Meinhardi
(Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1976).

17
. Irmgard Höss,
Georg Spalatin, 1484–1545: Ein Leben in der Zeit des Humanismus und der Reformation
(Weimar: Böhlau, 1956).

18
. On printing, see USTC; Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg,
86–99; Grossmann,
Wittenberger Drucke 1502–1517: Ein bibliographischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Humanismus in Deutschland
(Vienna: Krieg, 1971).

19
. Erfurt in 1473; Leipzig in 1480. USTC.

20
. Grossmann,
Wittenberger Drucke.
Andreas Gössner, “Die Anfänge des Buchdrucks für universitäre Zwecke am Beispiel Wittenbergs,” in Enno Bünz, ed.,
Bücher, Drucker, Bibliotheken in Mitteldeutschland
(Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2006), 133–52.

21
.
Dye Zaigung des Hochlobwirdigen Hailigthums der Stifftkirchen aller Hailigen zu Wittenburg
(Wittenberg: Symphorian Reinhart, 1509). USTC 641851. A variant in the British Library in London is USTC 641850.

22
. He was referred to in the literature as “magister.” Christoph Reske,
Die Buchdrucker des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts im Deutschen Sprachgebiet: Auf der Grundlage des gleichnamigen Werkes von Josef Benzing
(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007), 992.

23
. WABr I, 56.
Letters
I, 18–19. In fact, the lectures on the Psalms were never published, so Luther seems to have got his way.

24
.
Eyn Geystlich edles Buchleynn. von Rechter Underscheyd und Vorstand. Was der Alt und New Mensche Sey
. Benzing 69. USTC 656035.

25
.
Oratio Philippi Beroaldi Bononiensis de Summo Bono
(Wittenberg: Johann Rhau-Grunenberg, 1508). USTC 680993.

26
. Margaret M. Smith,
The Title-Page: Its Early Development, 1460–1510
(London: British Library, 2000).

27
. USTC 672547. Maria Grossmann, “Bibliographie der Werke Christoph Scheurls,”
Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens
10 (1969), 373–95.

28
. USTC 680833, 681174.

29
. USTC 680834. Grossmann, “Bibliographie Scheurls.”

30
. Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg,
100–112.

31
. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
126.

32
. The full text is in WA 54, 179–87. Here quoted in Oberman,
Luther,
165.

33
. For the struggles with former friends and followers see below, chapter 9.

34
. Benzing 68a; USTC 693439; Grossman,
Wittenberg Drucke,
90. Luther’s copy of this volume survives in the Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel. Illustrated in Oberman,
Luther,
163.

35
. USTC 640335. A page of Luther’s personal copy is reproduced in Helmar Junghans,
Wittenberg als Lutherstadt
(Berlin: Union Verlag, 1979), 100.

36
. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
150–55.

37
. Oberman,
Luther,
169–173. Brecht,
Road to Reformation,
128–36, 144–50.

38
. David H. Price,
Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

39
.
Epistola ad Athletam de Filiae Educatione Epistola
(Wittenberg: Rhau-Grunenberg, 1515). USTC 689206.

40
. WABr I, 41. Grossmann,
Humanism in Wittenberg,
83.

41
. Kurt Aland, “Die theologischen Anfänge Martin Luthers,”
Internationale Katholische Zeitschrift
(1983), 556–67.

42
.
Ad Subscriptas Conclusiones Respondebit Magister Franciscus Guntherus Nordhusensis pro Biblia
(Wittenberg: Johann Rhau-Grunenberg, 1517). Benzing 84a. Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, A: 434.11 Theol. 2.

43
. Though fragments of a previously unknown Caxton turned up in 1980 in precisely the same way. Paul Needham,
The Printer and the Pardone
r (Washington: Library of Congress, 1986).

44
. For a systematic reconstruction of the publication of theses as broadsheets in Wittenberg see also Bernd Moeller, “Thesenanschläge,” in Joachim Ott and Martin Treu, eds.,
Luthers Thesenanschlag—Faktum oder Fiktion
(Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2008), 9–31.

45
. WABr I, 103–7.

Chapter Three: Indulgence

1
. Albert Kapr,
Johann Gutenberg: The Man and His Invention
(Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), 189–97.

2
. Falk Eisermann, “‘Hinter Decken versteckt.’ Ein weiteres Exemplar des 31 zeiligen Ablassbriefs (GW 6556) und andere Neufunde von Einblattdrucken des 15. Jahrhunderts,”
Gutenberg-Jahrbuch
(1999), 58–74.

3
.
Türken-Kalender (Eyn Manung der Christenheit Widder die Durken)
. USTC 749528.

4
. R. W. Swanson,
Indulgences in Late Medieval England
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 8–22. Swanson,
Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Medieval Europe
(Leiden: Brill, 2006).

5
. See the numerous certificates produced for individual churches in Falk Eisermann,
Verzeichnis der typographischen Einblattdrucke des 15. Jahrhunderts im Heiligen Römischen Reich Deutscher Nation: VE 15,
3 vols. (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2004).

6
. A particularly generous one: that on specific days visitors received the cardinal’s quartum of one hundred days, multiplied by the number of relics in the collection. Harald Meller,
Fundsache Luther: Archäologen auf den Spuren des Reformators
(Stuttgart: Theiss, 2008).