Brand Luther: How an Unheralded Monk Turned His Small Town Into a Center of Publishing, Made Himself the Most Famous Man in Europe--And Started the Protestant Reformation (56 page)

Chapter Six: Brand Luther

1
. William M. Conway,
The Writings of Albrecht Dürer
(London: Peter Owen, 1958), 154–161. Hans J. Hillerbrand,
The Reformation in Its Own Words
(London: SCM Press, 1964), 381.

2
. USTC. The estimate of total copies is based on an average edition size of a thousand copies, though we know that some of Luther’s works were published in far larger editions.

3
. Of the 55,484 editions known for the period 1450 to 1517, 38,973 (70 percent) were in Latin. USTC.

4
. USTC 626334.

5
. USTC 639728.

6
. See, for instance
Ad Dialogum Sylvestri Prieratis Magistri Palatii de Potestate Pape Responsio f. Martini Luther Augustinensis, Vittenberge
(Leipzig: Melchior I Lotter, 1518). USTC 608851.

7
. The USTC lists 1,075 German and 860 Latin works for Augsburg in the period to 1517. In contrast Nuremberg published two works in Latin for every book in German, and Venice three works in Latin for every one in Italian.

8
. WABr I, 146.
Correspondence
I, 161–62.

9
. Chapter 2.

10
. Above, chapter 4.

11
. Of the 55,484 editions known for the period 1450 to 1517, 13,643 (24.6 percent) were published in folio, and 27,793 (50 percent) in quarto. USTC.

12
. Among the copious literature on Cranach see, most recently, Steven Ozment,
The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011). Standard works are Max J. Friedländer and Jakob Rosenberg,
Lucas Cranach
(New York: Tabard, 1978), and Dieter Koepplin and Tilman Falk,
Lukas Cranach,
2 vols. (Basel: Birkhäuser, 1974). Easier access to the major collections after the reunification of Germany has also stimulated an important new wave of Cranach studies. Claus Grimm et al., eds.,
Lucas Cranach: Ein Maler-Unternehmer aus Franken
(Regensburg: Pustet, 1994).

13
. This was in no way unusual; Holbein undertook similar assignments at the court of Henry VIII.

14
. Ozment,
Serpent
, 63.

15
. Arthur M. Hind,
An Introduction to the History of the Woodcut: With a Detailed Survey of Work Done in the Fifteenth Century
(London: Constable, 1935).

16
. F.W.H. Hollstein,
German Engravings: Etchings and Woodcuts, ca. 1400–1700
(Amsterdam: Hertzberger, 1954–), VI, 20–22.

17
. Ibid., 72–76. USTC 641851.

18
. Carl C. Christensen,
Princes and Propaganda: Electoral Saxon Art of the Reformation
(Kirksville, MI: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, 1992), 39.

19
. Friedländer and Rosenberg,
Cranach
, nn. 187–90, 312–13 (Luther and Katharina), 314–15 (Luther and Melanchthon). Many additional copies of these and other workshop portraits of Luther have reappeared since the compilation of this catalog.

20
. On the role of the apothecary as information exchange see especially Evelyn S. Welch,
Making and Marketing Medicine in Renaissance Florence
(Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2011). Filippo de Vivo, “Pharmacies as Centers of Communication in Early Modern Venice,”
Renaissance Studies
21 (2007), 505–21.

21
. Andreas Tacke,
Der katholische Cranach
(Mainz: Zabern, 1992). See also the most fundamental study of Albrecht’s artistic patronage, Thomas Schauerte and Andreas Tacke, eds.,
Der Kardinal: Albrecht von Brandenburg, Renaissancefürst und Mäzen
(Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, 2006).

22
. Ozment,
Serpent
, 125.

23
. Hollstein,
German Engravings,
VI, 7.

24
. Ibid., VI, 8.

25
. Luther to Cranach, Frankfurt, April 28, 1521. WABr II, 305.
Letters
I, 201.

26
. Friedländer and Rosenberg,
Cranach
, nn. 148–49. For a woodcut version see Hollstein,
German Engravings,
VI, 107.

27
. See below, chapter 9.

28
. See Koepplin and Falk,
Cranach,
I, 307–19.

29
. WABr II, 305 (where Luther sends greetings to Döring through Cranach), and WABr I, 99 (where Döring is visiting Luther while Luther writes to Lang and sends his regards).

30
. The pioneering study of this book art is Tilman Falk, “Cranach-Buchgraphik der Reformationszeit,” in Koepplin and Falk,
Cranach,
I, 307–412. See also
Cranach im Detail: Buchschmuck Lucas Cranachs des Älteres und Seiner Werkstatt
(Wittenberg: Lutherhalle, 1994). A selection of the title pages are also illustrated in Hollstein,
German Engravings
, VI, 163–75.

31
. USTC 614281 (Saul), 636595 (Samson), 634675 (David and Goliath).
Cranach im Detail,
37d, 42b, 42c.

32
. The definitive study is now Heimo Reinitzer,
Gesetz und Evangelium,
2 vols. (Hamburg: Christians Verlag, 2006). For illustrations of the Cranach works, see II, 215–38, 250–52.

33
. See USTC 628327, 636548.

34
. USTC 646907 (Augsburg), 700131 (Nuremberg), 643615 (Zwickau).
Cranach im Detail
, 21c, 21d, 27b.

35
. Martin Luther,
Von der Babylonischen Gefengknuß der Kirchen
(Strasbourg: Johann Schott, 1520). USTC 703376. Michael Stifel,
Von der Christförmigen, rechtgegründten leer Doctoris Martini Luthers
(Strasbourg: Johann Schott, 1522). USTC 617295.

36
.
Acta et Res Gestae, D. Martini Lutheri, in Comitiis Principum Wormaciae, Anno MDXXI
(Strasbourg: Schott, 1521). USTC 608615, 608616. Also illustrated in Werner Hofmann,
Köpfe der Lutherzeit
(Munich: Prestel, 1983), 64–65.

Chapter Seven: Luther’s Friends

1
. Timothy J. Wengert, “Martin Luther’s Movement Toward an Apostolic Self-Awareness as Reflected in His Early Letters,”
Luther Jahrbuch
61 (1994), 71–92, here 82.

2
. Robert Kolb,
Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, and Hero
(Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999), 17–28.

3
. R. W. Scribner,
For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). In context, Werner Hofmann,
Köpfe der Lutherzeit
(Munich: Prestel, 1983).

4
. Luther to Spalatin, September 9, 1521: “You will be able to have this passed by the City Council quite easily with the help of Lucas and Christian.” WABr II, 387–89.
Letters
I, 309.

5
. Below, chapter 8. The considerable literature on this subject is excellently reviewed in C. Scott Dixon, “The Imperial Cities and the Politics of Reformation,” in R.J.W. Evans et al., eds.,
The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 139–63.

6
. Below, chapter 9.

7
. Cochlaeus’s life of Luther is conveniently available in Elizabeth Vandiver et al., eds.,
Luther’s Lives: Two Contemporary Accounts of Martin Luther
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002). For the four evangelists see p. 310.

8
. David H. Price,
Johannes Reuchlin and the Campaign to Destroy Jewish Books
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 18–19.

9
. USTC 683888 (Wittenberg, Rhau-Grunenberg), 683824 (Basel, Froben). For an English text see R. Keen,
A Melanchthon Reader
(New York: Peter Lang, 1988), 47–63.

10
. See his account of the lecture in his letter to Spalatin, August 31, 1518. WABr I, 191–2.
Letters
I, 76–79.

11
. WA 30, II, 68–69. Quoted in Timothy J. Wengert, “Melanchthon and Luther,”
Luther Jahrbuch
66 (1999), 58.
Prefaces
I, 250 renders the passage slightly differently.

12
. Irene Dingel, ed.,
Justus Jonas (1493–1555) und seine Bedeutung für die Wittenberger Reformation
(Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2009).

13
. CE II, 245.

14
. CE II, 246.

15
. As related by David Chyträus, and recorded by Daniel Cramer in his
Das Grosse Pomrische Kirchen Chronicon
(1603). See Kurt K. Hendel, “Johannes Bugenhagen, Organizer of the Lutheran Reformation,”
Lutheran Quarterly
18 (2004), 43–75, here 48.

16
. Johannes Bugenhagen,
In Librum Psaltorum Interpretatio, Wittenbergae Publice Lecta
(Basel: Adam Petri, 1524). USTC 667459, 667604. It was reprinted in the same year at Nuremberg, Strasbourg, and Mainz. The quotation from Luther is taken from
Prefaces
I, 87. Luther uses the term “this Pomeranus” rather than Bugenhagen’s name, a common use in their intimate circle.

17
. Rainer Postel,
Die Reformation in Hamburg, 1517–1528
(Gütersloh: Mohn, 1986).

18
. Above, chapters 4 and 5.

19
. Luther to Spalatin, March 7, 1521. WABr II, 283–85.
Correspondence
I, 485.

20
. Luther to Melanchthon, July 13, 1521. WABr II, 356–59.
Letters
I, 257.

21
. Luther to Amsdorf, July 15, 1521. WABr II, 361–63.
Letter
s I, 264–65.

22
.
Prefaces
I, 26–36.

23
.
Prefaces
I, 20.

24
.
Prefaces
I, 45.

25
.
Annotationes in Johannem
(Hagenau: Johann Setzer, 1523). USTC 683801.

26
.
Prefaces
II, 113–16, 349–51.

27
.
Prefaces
II, 136.

28
. Johann Brenz,
Homiliae Viginti
(Wittenberg: Johann Weiss, 1532). USTC 663962.
Prefaces
II, 4–6.

29
.
Prefaces
II, 286–94. See also below, chapter 11.

30
. Luther to Amsdorf, January 13, 1522. WABr II, 422–23.
Letters
I, 363.

31
. James Westphal Thompson,
The Frankfort Book Fair. The Francofordiense Emporium of Henri Estienne
(New York: Burt Franklin, 1911).

32
. Luther to Melanchthon, August 1, 1521. WABr II, 370–72.
Letters
I, 288.