After the Reich (118 page)

Čabrinovič, Nedeljko

Cadogan, Sir Alexander

Cailliau, Madame Alfred (
née
de Gaulle)

Calmon, Major

Canada: German POW camps in; tries German war criminals

Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm

cannibalism

Cannon, General John

Caprivi, Georg Leo, Graf von

CARE
see
Co-operative of American Remittances to Europe

Carinthia

Carpenter, Len

Carr, Edward Hallett

Carsten, F. L.

Casablanca Conference (1943)

Cassel

Celibidache, Sergiu censorship: in Soviet zone

Chaloner, Major (of Hanover Information Council)

Chapigneulles, Major

Charlemagne, Emperor: crown discovered

Cheetham, N. J. A.

Cherrière, General P. R. P.

chewing gum

children: conditions and life

Chotinsky, Fyodor

Christian Democratic Union (CDU): formed; leaders; and Berlin elections (1946); demands national representation; in West German elections (1949)

Christlich-Sozial Union (CSU)

Chuikov, Vassily

Churcher, Brigadier John Bryan

Churchill, Mary

Churchill, Rhona

Churchill, (Sir) Winston S.: on treatment of Germans; drafts Atlantic Charter; as premier (1940); hostility to Prussians; apprehensions over Soviet Russia; and Polish borders; promises to free Austria from Prussians; and Dönitz government; sends ‘iron curtain’ telegram to Truman; protests at British treatment of German leaders; approves expulsion of Germans in central Europe; Fulton speech (1946); and British entry into Vienna; Horthy writes to; Göring quotes; intercedes for Kesselring; hostility to Russians; pleads for French zone in Germany; at Yalta; at Potsdam Conference; concern for weakened British economy; loses premiership to Attlee; and granting of Königsberg to Russia; supports Byrnes; addresses United Europe Congress (May 1948) cigarettes: as currency cinema: in Soviet zone; in American zone; in Austria

Civil Affairs Division (CAD; US War Department)

Clare, George: finds Jewish survivors; with British in Berlin; on Neumann’s satire; attends theatre; meets Karl Arnold; shares rations with children; and denazification; on German-speaking colleagues; on Karajan; and Austrian Nazis; and Anglo-German fraternising; and German scientists

Clark, Clifford

Clark, General Mark: aggressiveness; on Soviet looting; on Figl; administration in Vienna; relations with Koniev; anti-Soviet stance; on Austrian food supply; popularity in Austria; and Austrian culture; on Moscow Conference (1947); and Austrian airlift; doubts over Allied achievements

Clarke, Eric

Clay, General Lucius: and arrest of Dönitz; and absence of Nazi underground movement; heads US mission in Berlin; relations with Russians; and expulsion of ethnic Germans from central Europe; authority; in Frankfurt-am-Main; attitude to Russians; on anti-frat order; background; policy on Germany; and retention of German industry; and appointment of German political leaders; denies Ruhr benefits to Russians; Schumacher negotiates with; on French depredations in Baden-Württemberg; differences with Koenig; on French demands for coal; prevents dismantling of German industrial sites; and French customs wall in Saar; praises RIAS; favours German self-government; and denazification process; and food shortages; attempts to stop use of cigarettes as currency; requests relief from USA; and German art treasures; denies looting charges against soldiers; apologises for US interrogation methods; on Russia’s German POWs; and German POWs in Poland; and Nuremberg trials; calls for execution of Malmédy murderers; and agreement on Berlin; meets Zhukov; supports Byrnes; antipathy to French; favours inter-zonal co-operation; and currency reform; and Soviet blockade in Berlin; on US military strength in Berlin; and Berlin airlift; concedes Soviet request for currency circulation; and founding of West German state; and Soviet-provoked rioting in Berlin; and Berliners’ anti-communist demonstrations; on proposed Soviet air force manoeuvres over Berlin; and founding of Free University in Berlin; counters Russian condemnation of Dresden bombing; honoured in Berlin; on future of Ruhr

Clemenceau, Michel

Clift, Montgomery

Cold War: Stalin disfavours; beginnings; develops

collective guilt

Cologne: destruction; Adenauer in; slowness in recovery

Cominform: established

Communist Party of Germany (KPD): refounded; and Berlin elections (1946); renamed SED

concentration camps: reused by Allies; Jews in; categories of inmates; liberated; killing methods; inmates ordered to be killed; in Austria; Czech; in Silesia; in Russian zone; German disbelief in; tours; trials of administrators;
see also
individual camps

Concordia Bureau

Conference of Foreign Ministers (CFM): Moscow (December 1946); decided at Potsdam; first meeting (London, 1945); London (January 1947); Moscow (March 1947); London (November 1947); London (February 1948); London (July 1948)

Coningham, Air Marshal Sir Arthur

Conrad, Josef

Control Commission Germany (CCG)

Control Council
see
Allied Control Council

Co-operative of American Remittances to Europe (CARE)

Cossacks: fight against Red Army; repatriated to Russia under Yalta Agreement

Council of Europe: formed

Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany (CRALOG)

Couve de Murville, Maurice

Cranborne, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount (
later
5th Marquess of Salisbury)

crime: and black market; theft

Croats

Croy, Princess Agathe

Cullis, M. F.

Cultural Alliance
see
Kulturbund zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands

Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess

Cuxhaven

Czechoslovakia: territorial claims; settlement and minorities problem; formed (1919); Germans occupy (1939); Sudetenländers (German minority) in; communists take over (1948); liberated (1945); purge (1945); revenge and atrocities against Germans; rapes in; concentration camps; American zone; suicides; torture in; expulsion of Germans and minorities; People’s Courts; German POWs in; post-war government; under Soviet influence; effects of peace settlement on;
see also
Prague

Dachau concentration camp

Dahrendorf, Gustav

Dahrendorf, Ralf, Baron

Dalade, Colonel

Daladier, Edouard

Dalton, Hugh

Danzig (Gdansk)

Darré, Walter

‘death marches’

De Gasperi, Alcide

de Lancie, John

Deleuze, Major

Dempsey, General Sir Miles

denazification

Devers, General Jacob

Dibelius, Otto

Dick, Professor Walter

Dickens, A. G.

Diels, Rudolf

Dietrich, Landrat (of Ruppin)

Dietrich, Otto

Dietrich, General Sepp

Diewald (Austrian lawyer)

Dimitrov, Georgy displaced persons (DPs): in central Europe; looting and killing by; rapes by; in black market

Ditzen, Rudolf (Hans Fallada)

Ditzen, Suse

Dix, Otto

Dix, Rudolf

Dixon, Specialist Sergeant Shirley

Djilas, Milovan

Dmowski, Roman

Dobbek, Dr

Döblin, Alfred;
Berlin-Alexanderplatz

‘Doktora’ (of Königsberg)

Dollfuss, Engelbert

Dombrowski (Polish policeman)

domobranci
(Slovenian home guard)

Dönhoff, Marion, Gräfin

Dönitz, Admiral Karl

Donnedieu de Vabres, Henri

Donovan, William

Dortmund

Dos Passos, John: on US Military Government HQ in Frankfurt; on co-operation between Western zones; on Vienna; on
Fragebogen
and denazification; and US hatred of Germans; on DPs’ lawlessness; on Rhine Meadow camps; reports Nuremberg trials; interviews Clay

Douda (Czech police director)

Douglas, Marshal of the RAF Sir Sholto

Draht, Andreas

Drambusch (forester)

Draper, General William

Dratvin, General M. I.

Dresden

Dresden Gallery

Drobner, Bolesław

drugs

Dubensky, William

Dubois, Lieutenant Herbert

Duermayer, Heinz

Dunbaugh, Captain Frank M.

Dunn, Thomas

Duppau, Czechoslovakia

Düsseldorf

Dyck, Dr van

Dymshitz, Colonel Alexander

Dyszkant, Dr

East Germany
see
German Democratic Republic

East Prussia: Soviet offensive and destruction in; German population; religious faith; refugees from; starvation in; Stalin’s view on at Potsdam; Germans driven from; Russians appropriate part;
see also
Prussia

Ebensee, Austria

Eberle, Henrik and Matthias Uhl (eds):
Das Buch Hitler
(
The Hitler Book
)

Ebert, Friedrich

Eclipse, Operation

Eden, Anthony (
later
1st Earl of Avon): and transfer of Germans from East Prussia; disdain for Austria; recognises Austrian claim to independence; and Nuremberg trials; at Potsdam Conference; supports Italian claim to South Tyrol

Edler, Franz

Ehrenburg, Ilya

Eichmann, Adolf

Eigruber, August Gauleiter

Einsiedel, Horst von

Eisenerz Trial (1946)

Eisenhower, General Dwight D.: declares war ended; orders Dönitz’s arrest; visits concentration camp; in Frankfurt-am-Main; reputation; and anti-frat order; and US pillaging; and Göring’s capture; and agreement on Berlin; and territorial allocations at Potsdam; Truman visits in Frankfurt; threatens to scrap Control Council; federal officials quit under

Eisler, Hans

Emery, Major

Engelbert, Otto

Epenstein, Hermann von

Erdmannsdorff, Otto von

Erhard, Ludwig

Erhardt, John

Erlach, Albert von

Ermland

Erzgebirge, the

Esser, Hans

Esser, Heinz

Eulenburg, Siegfried

European Advisory Commission (EAC)

European Union (
earlier
Common Market)

Falkenburger, Paul

Falkenhausen, General Alexander von

Fallada, Hans
see
Ditzen, Rudolf

Fandrich (judge)

Farmer, Captain Walter

Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael

Fechner, Max

Fediunsky, General I. I.

Fegelein, Hermann

Fegelein, Waldemar

Fehrer, Franz

Feitenhansl, Karl

Felix, Leo (‘Felix Field’)

Feuchtwanger, Lion

Février, Jacques

Fichte, Paul

Fiedler, Ludwig

Field Security Service (FSS; British)

Fierlinger, Zdenek

Figl, Leopold

Filippov, Captain films
see
cinema

Final Solution;
see also
Jews

Fischer, Ernst;
The Rebirth of My Country

Fischhorn Castle, near Zell-am-See

Fitsch, Eduard

Fläschner, Hans

Flensburg

Flick Group

Flieder, Paul

Flory, General L. D. (Les)

Flossenbürg concentration camp

Foord, Brigadier E. J.

Forrestal, James

Forst, Willy

Forster, Albert

Foster, Norman, Baron

Fragebogen

France: revenge acts against Germany; goals for defeated Germany; seeks recognition as great power; claims to Rhine and Ruhr; demands for zone of occupation in Germany; employs German forced labour; granted sector in Berlin; and Austrian settlement; repossesses country after liberation; advance to Austria; forces in occupation of Rhineland; advance on Baden; undisciplined behaviour; arrival in Berlin; administration in Berlin; sympathy towards Germans; creates Rhineland-Palatinate; plans for Rhineland; favours united Europe; opposes German unity; atrocities against Germans; policy on Germany; jurisdiction over German territory; acquires Saar; demands coal from Germany; in Austria; removes Austrian industrial plant; administration in Vienna; Austrian view of; cultural activities in Vienna; on German guilt; and denazification; and German POWs; not invited to Potsdam; and Polish settlement; treaty with Soviet France -
continued
Russia (1945); friction with Soviet Russia; approves of German territorial concessions in east; rights to Saar; opposes Truman Doctrine; and Soviet claims to Ruhr; forms Trizonia with USA and Britain; non-participation in Berlin airlift; attitude to and relations with Adenauer; post-war arrests and trials; effect of peace settlement on

Frank, Benno

Frank, Hans

Frank, Karl-Hermann

Frankfurt-am-Main; Städel Gallery

Franz, Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein

Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia: body moved and reinterred

Frederick Leopold, Prince of Prussia

Frederick William I, King of Prussia: body moved and reinterred

Free Austrian (World) Movement (FAM; FAWM)

Free Democratic Party (FDP)

Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ): formed

Freisler, Roland

Freiwaldau (Jeseník), Czechoslovakia

French zone (ZOF; Germany): refugees in; co-operation with British and American zones; numbers of French in; exports to France; industrial plant transferred to France; treatment of Germans in; German youth admiration for French; culture in; food shortages in; supposed market for babies; black market in; and Berlin airlift

Freud, Anton

Freudenstadt

Freudenthal, Czechoslovakia

Freund, Hans

Frey, Hans

Freyberg, General Sir Bernard

Freytag, Gustav Frick, Wilhelm

Friede, Dieter Friedeburg, Admiral Hans von

Friedrich, Ruth Andreas: in Brandenburg; welcomes end of Reich; on life in occupied Berlin; sees Americans in Steglitz; and denazification and
Fragebogen
; and disposal of dead; at killing of Borchard; on influx of Königsberger; and death of Bersarin; and cultural events; on German GI brides; on French influence on German youth; on theft of wood from grave; and Russian occupation of Chancellery; on returning German POWs; on Nuremberg trials; and Truman’s visit to Berlin; welcomes Potsdam Agreement; in severe winter (1946-7); on resurgence of Nazism in Hamburg; on Berlin blockade; and Berlin airlift; flees to West;
Schauplatz Berlin