After the Reich (117 page)

The outstanding book on Soviet policy is Vojtech Mastny’s
The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity
(New York and Oxford 1996), and more recently I have found Geoffrey Roberts’s
Stalin Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953
(New Haven and London 2006) extremely useful. Something can be gleaned from Georgi Zhukov’s
Reminiscences
(Moscow 1985). For the roles of other Cold Warriors, see Curtis F. Morgan Jnr’s
James F. Byrnes, Lucius Clay and American Policy in Germany 1945-1947
(Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter 2002) or Byrnes’s own account in
Speaking Frankly
(London 1947). For Clay’s role in Germany there is Jean Edward Smith’s
The Papers of Lucius D. Clay
(Bloomington and London 1974). Truman covers his back in his two-volume
Year of Decisions
and
Years of Trial and Hope
(London 1955). They are very useful for Potsdam. George Kennan’s
Memoirs
(London 1968) provide the dissenting view. Ernest Bevin’s time as foreign secretary is amply covered by Alan Bullock (London 1983) and in less detail by Peter Weiler (Manchester and New York 1993). Charles Williams provides a useful, recent account of the rise of Adenauer (London 2000).

More detailed references and non-English sources will be found in the notes.

Index

Aachen

Abramski, Stanisław, Bishop of Katowice

Abzug, Robert H.:
Inside the Vicious Heart

Acher, Achille von

Ackermann, Anton

Adelheide camp

Adenauer, Konrad: forced retirement; resumes mayoralty of Cologne; dealings with British; and formation of German Federal Republic; suppresses political rivals; antipathy to Schumacher; on return of German POWs; visits Russia; protests at dismantling of German industries; attends United Europe Congress (May 1948); relations with French; and Ruhr authority; and German reunification; made Chancellor; favours European union

Adler, Guido

Adler, Viktor

Agee, James

Ahrenshoop (seaside resort)

Albrecht, Professor (of Prague)

Alexander, Field Marshal Haroldt Earl

Alexander, Peter A.

Allied Control Council: established; and Potsdam Agreement; meets in Berlin; constitution; French obstruct

Allied High Commission: formed from Military Government

Althof’s travelling circus

Altmann, Karl

Alvensleben, Bodo von

Alvensleben, Captain von

Amelunxen, Rudolf

American Forces Network

American Military Government (AMG)

American zone (Germany): material plenty in; refugees in; cooperation with British and French zones; HQ at Frankfurt-am-Main; civil administration; US separation from Germans in; extent; anti-frat order relaxed; theft and plunder in; rapes in; German marriages to US servicemen; ‘occupation children’ born in; political life in; denazification; culture in; industrial dismantling prevented; Jewish DP camps in; internment of Nazis in; food donations in; rations and shortages in; and war crimes trials;
see also
United States of America

Amery, John

Andernach camp

Andersch, Alfred

Andrus, Colonel Burton C.

Annan, Noël, Baron

Antipenko (Zhukov’s adjutant)

Ardennes: US campaign in (1944-5)

Arendsee, Marthe

Arendt, Hannah:
Organised Guilt and Universal Responsibility

Arnim, General Hans-Jürgen von

Arnold, Karl art: plundered and destroyed

artists: colony at Ahrenshoop

Astafiev, Major

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Atlantic Pact (1949)

Atrocities Committee Austria

Attlee, Clement (
later
1st Earl): plans occupation; dislikes Germans; succeeds Churchill as Prime Minister; at Potsdam Conference; favours withdrawing from Germany

Auden, W. H.

Auerbach camp

Aufbau
(periodical)

Aufbau Verlag

Augsburg

Augstein, Rudolf

August William, Prince of Prussia (‘Auwi’)

Auschwitz: liberated; reused by Poles

Aussig (Ustí nad Labem), Czechoslovakia

Aust, Adolf

Austin, Sergeant-Major

Austria: Allies’ view and policy on post-war settlement; elite purged by Nazis; German annexation (Anschluss, 1938); Jews in; attempts to form fighting units with Allies; doubts on independence from Germany; denies war guilt; Russians capture and occupy; political parties formed; declaration of independence from Germany; forms interim government (1945); Nazis and Nazism in; German-speaking refugees in; territorial demands; divided into occupation zones; industrial plant and property removed and confiscated; communists in; free elections (1945) and Figl government; under Allied administration; food shortage and supply; receives foreign aid; four-power Agreement on (1946); State Treaty (1955); Germans expelled; property claims and restitution; Soviet zone; vineyards; British zone; American zone; borders agreed; Russian DPs in; French zone; Habsburgs banned; refugees and DPs in; denazification; capital punishment in; elections (October 1949); German POWs in; and South Tyrol; peace treaty proposed; Soviet kidnappings in; Soviet obstructionism in; currency;
see also
Upper Austria; Vienna

Austrian Centre

Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP)

Austrian Socalist Party (SPÖ)

Avenarius, Johannes

Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem

Bacque, James:
Other Losses

Bad Kreuznach-Bretzenheim camp

Bad Nenndorf

Bad Oeynhausen

Baden

Baden-Baden

Bader, Untersturmführer

Badoglio, Marshal Pietro

Baeck, Leo

Bähr, Erna (‘Bärchen’)

Balfour, Michael

Baltic States: German-speaking population

Barkow

Barnetson, Major William

Barraclough, Brigadier John

Baruch, Bernard

BASF, Ludwigshafen

Bauer, Christoph

Bauer, Otto

Baum, Otto

Baur, Hans

Bavaria

Baxa, Captain

Bayreuth

Bayrische Volkspartei (BVP)

Becher, Johannes R.;
Manifest des Kulturbundes zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands

Becher, Lily

Beck, Colonel-General Ludwig

Becker, Frau (of Brandenburg)

Becker, Hans von

Beckmann, Christel

Bédarida, Renée

Beethoven, Ludwig van

Beheim-Schwarzbach, Martin

Behr, Fritz

Bekessy, Imre

Belgium: POW camps in; post-war trials

Belokopitov, Andrei

Belsen
see
Bergen-Belsen

Ben-Gurion, David

Beneš, Edvard

Benn, Gottfried

Berchtesgaden

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp: Jewish prisoners in; British enter; as Jewish DP camp; newsreel photographs from; Germans forced to visit; food rations; Gollancz visits; SS prisoners in; culprits tried and punished

Berger, Gottlob

Bergius, Friedrich

Berlin: French granted sector; Soviet conquest and occupation of; ceasefire signed (2 May 1945); rape in; illegitimate children; Western Allies arrive in; surrender document signed in; communist-nominated administration; local elections (September 1945); rubble cleared and city reorganised; food shortages and subsistence; isolation; disease; Allied Control Council established in; US-RUSSIAN conflicts in; partition into zones; burial of dead in; houses requisitioned by Allies; mortality rate under occupation; music and concerts; conditions (1945-6); German refugees in; Kommandatura in; Russian dominance in; deputy military governors (DMGs); Soviet administrative structure; arts and culture in; homes restored; monuments destroyed; industries removed by Russians to east; British in; Soviet blockade and Allied airlift (1947-8); denazification in; deaths from TB; black market in; crime in; art treasures plundered; Truman visits; severe winters; elections (May 1946); (October 1946); and Allied disagreements; Reuter’s mayoralty; Western zone prosperity; Allied military strength in; police; Russians cut off milk supply; Soviet military strength in; currency circulation; Soviet-inspired violence in; Western demonstrations for democratic freedom; divided; tuberculosis; housing; road traffic resumes

Berlin, Irving

Berlin Free University

Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra

Berling, General Zygmunt

Bernadotte, Count Folke

Berry, Sir Vaughan

Bersarin, Colonel-General Nicholas E.

Bersin, Sergeant

Besser, Walter

Béthouart, Lieutenant-General Emile-Marie: on destruction in Vienna; status in Vienna; meets Clark; Koniev meets; acquires Palais Lobkowitz in Vienna; visits Mauthausen; on Archduke Otto; on punishment of Nazis; on hardships in Vienna; and Koenig

Bevin, Ernest: declines to defend Austria; as Foreign Secretary; and Pakenham; on French communists; and Ruhr; at Potsdam; hostility to Soviet Russia; on maintenance of Hess; favours divided Germany; favours remaining in Germany; and cession of South Tyrol to Austria; and Molotov’s wish for unified Germany; invites US to station B-29 bombers in Britain; refuses communication with Russians during Berlin blockade

Biberteich camp, Czechoslovakia

Bidault, Georges

Biddle, Francis

Biel, Heinz

Bielenberg, Christabel

Bierut, Bołesław

Big Lift, The
(film)

Bildt, Paul

Bimko, Dr Hadassah

Birley, Sir Robert

Biscari

Bismarck, Prince Otto von

Bizonia (US-British zones)

black market: transactions; development and operation; and crime

Blaha, General

Blanckenburg family

Blankenhorn, Herbert

Blaschtowitschka, Dr

Blaskowitz, General Johannes

Blomberg, Field Marshal Werner von

Bluméon

Blum, Moritz

Bogomolov, Alexander

Bohle, Ernst

Bohlen, Charles (‘Chip’)

Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav von

Böhler, Josef

Böhm, Johann

Böhm, Karl

Böhm-Baweerk family

Bohrer, Karl-Heinz

Boislambert, Hettier de

Böll, Heinrich:
Die Botschaft
; ‘Geschäft ist Geschäft’
in Wanderer kommst du nach Spa
,
Erzählungen
;
Kreuz ohne Liebe
; ‘Kumpel mit dem langen Haar’; ‘Lohengrins Tod’; ‘Mein Onkel Fred’; ‘When the War Was Over’

Bolling, General Alexander

Bolzano-Bozen

Bongers, Else

Bonhoeffer, Dietrich

Bonin, Colonel Bogislaw von

Bonn: as West German capital

Borchard, Leo

Borchert, Wolfgang:
Draussen vor der Tür
(play; filmed as
Liebe 1947
)

Bormann, Martin

Bornholm (island), Denmark

Borotra, Jean

Böttner, Professor Arthur

Boveri, Margret: reaches Teupitz; disparages Dönitz; in Charlottenburg; on Red Army soldiers’ behaviour; on women working in Berlin; meets surviving Jews; on food shortage; on Americans in Germany; crosses into Franconia; attends Berlin concert; on Bamberg; on Western Allies’ plundering; on
Fragebogen
; on shortage of German men; on prisoners in Soviet Union; on accused at Nuremberg; on arrests in Potsdam; on number of French arrests;
Tage des Überlebens

Bradley, General Omar

Brandenburg

Brandt, Karl

Brandt, Willy

Brauchitsch, Field Marshal Walther von

Braun, Eva

Braunschweig, Eberhard von

Brech, John

Brecht, Bertolt

Breker, Arno

Bremen: ceded by British to Americans

Brenner

Breslau (Wrocław)

Briand, Aristide

Bridgend, South Wales

Britain: policy on Germany; advance into Germany and central Europe; wartime alliance with USSR; refuses to recognise Renner regime in Austria; dispute with Yugoslavia over Trieste and Carinthia; and Dönitz government; and Princess Victoria Louise; arrival in Berlin; popularity in Berlin; and development of German constitution; complains of Russian thefts; forms Rhineland-Westphalia, 255; reputation; dealings with Adenauer; supports Schumacher; Austrian policy; presence in Austria; administration in Vienna; and deportation of Cossacks to Russia; employs German and Austrian Jews in army; suspicion of Jewish influx into Germany; changes policy on fraternising with Germans; treatment of German POWs; POW camps in; and Nazi war criminals; and war crimes trials; ends war trials; general election (July 1945); policy at Potsdam; economic and financial weakness; rejects People’s Congress; and Berlin airlift; Adenauer opposes entry to Common Market; effects of war on; post-war retribution; decline as power

British Austrian Legal Unit (BALU)

British Control Commission

British Free Corps

British zone (Germany): German refugees in; co-operation with American and French zones; tolerance; denazification; military government in; education in; industrial plant removed; culture in; food and clothing shortages in; thefts in

Britten, Benjamin

Brno, Czechoslovakia: death march

Broch, Hermann

Brost, Erich

Brown, Ralph

Brüning, Heinrich

Brunner, Alois (‘Jupo’)

Brunswick

Brunswick, Ernest-Augustus, Duke of

Brussels Pact (1948)

Brüx (Most), Czechoslovakia

Bryant, Lieutenant-Colonel George (born Breuer)

Buchenwald concentration camp

Büderich camp

Bugner, Helene

Bühler (state secretary)

Bulganin, Marshal Nikolai Alexandrovich

Bulgarians: population transfer (1913)

Bumballa, Raoul

Burgenland

Bürklin, Wilhelm
Burschenschaften
(student corps)

Busch, Field Marshal Ernst

Bussche-Streithorst, Axel Freiherr von dem

Byrnes, James: on Roosevelt’s anger with Germans; and Polish borders; policy on Germany; and Austrian settlement; accompanies Truman to Potsdam Conference; on Churchill at Potsdam; and Bevin’s hostility to Soviet Russia; at Moscow CFM (December 1945); offers to merge American zone with British; and German curency reform