After the Reich (115 page)

40
Zhukov in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds,
Potsdam
, 240.

41
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 441-3.

42
Grisebach,
Tagebuch
, 49-50.

43
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 441.

44
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 258.

45
Ibid., 262.

46
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 94.

47
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 266, 265.

48
Truman in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds,
Potsdam
, 245.

49
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 265.

50
Foschepoth, ‘Potsdam’, 71-2.

51
Ibid., 72-4.

52
Truman in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds,
Potsdam
, 246; Truman, I, 267.

53
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 85.

54
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 279.

55
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 68.

56
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 270.

57
Ibid., 275.

58
Grisebach,
Tagebuch
, 47.

59
Kardorff,
Aufzeichnungen
, 337; Amanda Holden,
The New Penguin Opera Guide
, London, 2001, 1037.

60
Truman,
Memoirs
, 278.

61
Ibid.

62
Ibid., 281, 285.

63
Ibid., 286; Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 68-9; Davidson,
Death and Life
, 64.

64
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 79-80; Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 293.

65
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 293.

66
Ibid., 294.

67
Ibid.

68
Ibid., 295.

69
Ibid.

70
Ibid., 296.

71
Bullock,
Bevin
, 24.

72
Ibid., 22.

73
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 297.

74
Ibid., 297-8.

75
Ibid., 300.

76
De Zayas,
Nemesis at Potsdam
, 50.

77
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 303, 305; Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 76.

78
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 315-16.

79
Ibid., 317; Bullock,
Bevin
, 25.

80
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 322-3.

81
Peter Weiler,
Ernest Bevin
, Manchester and New York 1993, 144-5.

82
Ibid., 145-6.

83
Bullock,
Bevin
, 25.

84
Weiler,
Bevin
, 147-8.

85
Ibid., 148-9.

86
Bullock,
Bevin
, 25.

87
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 327.

88
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 451.

89
Truman in Hoeftmann and Noack, eds,
Potsdam
, 251.

90
Grisebach,
Tagebuch
, 70.

91
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 329-30.

92
Kaps,
Tragödie
, 69.

93
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 329-30.

94
Ibid., 331.

95
Bullock,
Bevin
, 28; Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 335.

96
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 341.

97
Davies and Moorhouse,
Microcosm
, 414-15.

98
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 448.

99
Ibid., 414-16.

100
Truman,
Memoirs
, I, 337.

101
Ibid., 338.

102
Ibid., 339-40.

103
Zhukov,
Reminiscences
, II, 416-17.

104
Young,
France
, 62.

105
Ibid., 62, 64.

106
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 60.

107
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 73.

108
Kennan,
Memoirs
, 258-9.

109
Ibid., 263-6.

110
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 92, 103.

111
Grisebach,
Tagebuch
, 54.

CHAPTER 19: THE GREAT FREEZE

1
Mastny,
Cold War
, 23.

2
Ibid., 4, 6.

3
Young,
France
, 70-1.

4
Ibid., 74.

5
Buffet,
Berlin
, 360; Ritchie,
Faust’s Metropolis
, 638.

6
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 207.

7
Weiler,
Bevin
, 153-4.

8
Rauchensteiner,
Stalinplatz 4,
133.

9
Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs
, vol. II:
1946 - 1953, Years of Trial and Hope
, London 1955, 100.

10
Kennan,
Memoirs
, 257.

11
Clare,
Berlin Days
, 193.

12
Weiler,
Bevin
, 154.

13
Kennan,
Memoirs
, 258.

14
Bullock,
Bevin
, 9, 11.

15
Naimark
, Russians in Germany
, 48.

16
Weiler,
Bevin
, 154.

17
Kennan,
Memoirs
, 253-4.

18
Keeling,
Gruesome Harvest
, vii-viii.

19
Ibid., 5, 8.

20
Siegfried Beer, ‘Die Besatzungsmacht Grossbritannien und Österreich 1945-1949’, in Ableitner et al.,
Österreich unter alliierter Besatzung
, 47.

21
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 111-12, 118.

22
Graml,
Teilung Deutschlands
, 165, 182.

23
Ibid., 48-50; David Dilks, ed.,
The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M., 1938-45
, London 1971, 778.

24
Foschepoth, ‘Potsdam’, 76, 79.

25
Bullock,
Bevin
, 268; Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 255.

26
Ibid., 257.

27
Weiler,
Bevin
, 159-60.

28
Bullock,
Bevin
, 309.

29
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 319; Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 190-1.

30
Morgan,
Byrnes, Clay
, 319.

31
Ibid., 334-5, 338; Weiler,
Bevin
, 160-2.

32
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 192; Gulgowski, ‘American Military Government’, 10.

33
Keeling,
Gruesome Harvest
, 10.

34
Dos Passos,
Tour of Duty
, 321-2.

35
Graml,
Teilung Deutschlands
, 105-7, 109.

36
Rathkolb, ‘Historische Fragmente’, 146.

37
Alfons Gruber,
Geschichte Südtirols - Streifzüge durch das 20. Jahrhundert
, Bolzano 2002, 103.

38
Rauchensteiner,
Stalinplatz 4,
90.

39
Rathkolb, ed.,
Gesellschaft und Politik
, 192.

40
Ibid., 406.

41
Schärf,
Wiederaufrichtung
, 121.

42
Béthouart,
Bataille
, 109.

43
Rauchensteiner,
Stalinplatz 4
, 90.

44
Ibid., 107.

45
Denis Mack Smith,
Modern Italy: A Political History
, New Haven and London 1997, 421-2.

46
Buffet,
Berlin
, 366-7.

47
Naimark,
Russians in Germany
, 90.

48
Speer,
Diaries
, 62.

49
Staritz,
DDR
, 18.

50
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 129.

51
Brigadier-General Frank Howley,
Berlin Command
, New York 1950, 10.

52
Ibid., 136.

53
Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Streifzüge
, 174.

54
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 83-4.

55
Anonymous,
A Woman in Berlin
, 50, 100.

56
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 105; Christabel Bielenberg,
The Past is Myself
, London 1985, 285.

57
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 151-2.

58
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 86.

59
Speer,
Diaries
, 29-31.

60
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 158-9, 161.

61
Speer,
Diaries
, 34.

62
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 166.

63
Mastny,
Cold War
, 25. On Soviet Russia’s long-term plans, see Wolfgang Mueller, ‘Stalin and Austria: New Evidence on Soviet Policy in a Secondary Theatre of the Cold War, 1938-1953 ⁄ 1955’,
Cold
War History
, vol. 6, no. 1, February 2006, 63-84.

64
Rauchensteiner,
Stalinplatz 4
, 113.

65
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 170-1.

66
Ibid., 172-3.

67
Ibid., 174-6.

68
Zuckmayer,
Deutschlandbericht
, 87.

69
Bethouart,
Bataille
, 87.

70
Obituary, Josefine Hawelka,
The Times
, Saturday 26 March 2005.

71
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 213, 226, 230.

72
Ibid., 248.

73
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 182.

74
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, 198.

75
Clark,
Calculated Risk
, 439-42.

76
Mastny,
Cold War
, 26-9.

77
Ibid., 40-1.

78
Balfour and Mair,
Four Power Control
, 279.

79
Rauchensteiner,
Stalinplatz 4
, 111-12.

80
Ibid., 112.

81
Ibid., 361-2.

82
Wagnleitner, ed.,
Herz
, 401-3, 606-7.

83
See Staritz,
DDR
, 15.

84
Ibid., 17.

85
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 186, 198.

86
Staritz,
DDR
, 18.

87
Ibid., 21.

CHAPTER 20: THE BERLIN AIRLIFT AND THE BEGINNINGS OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY

1
Döblin,
Schicksalsreise
, 434, 439.

2
Ibid., 441.

3
Ibid., 444-5.

4
Ibid., 447.

5
Ibid., 452.

6
Ibid., 453-4.

7
Mastny,
Cold War
, 48.

8
Davidson,
Death and Life
, 224.

9
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers,
I, 274, 276, 302; Skrjabina,
Allies on the Rhine
, 82, 95.

10
Skrjabina,
Allies on the Rhine
, 114; Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 230.

11
Howley,
Berlin Command
, 186.

12
Ibid., 329.

13
Staritz,
DDR
, 23.

14
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 249.

15
Ruge, ed.,
Schulenburg
, 92.

16
Willy Brandt and Richard Lowenthal,
Ernst Reuter. Ein Leben für die Freiheit
, Munich 1957, 358-60.

17
Mastny,
Cold War
, 41.

18
Ibid., 48.

19
Howley,
Berlin Command
, 177.

20
Kennan,
Memoirs
, 420; Bullock,
Bevin
, 574.

21
Bullock,
Bevin
, 571.

22
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 478, 483.

23
Mastny,
Cold War
, 50.

24
Ibid., 49.

25
Bullock,
Bevin
, 566, 573; Graml,
Teilung Deutschlands
, 199.

26
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, I, 206, 201.

27
Ibid. 567; II, 612.

28
Quoted in Ann and John Tusa,
The Berlin Blockade. Berlin in 1948. The Year the Cold War Threatened to Become Hot
, London 1989, 138.

29
Mastny,
Cold War
, 46-7.

30
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 597, 599.

31
Friedrich,
Schauplatz Berlin
, 220-8.

32
Truman,
Memoirs
, II, 131.

33
Young,
France
, 198-9.

34
Howley,
Berlin Command
, 3-4.

35
Smith, ed.,
Clay Papers
, II, 600-2.

36
Ibid., 602-5.