Vaccinated (28 page)

Deinhardt obituary: M. R. Hilleman, "A Tribute to Dr. Friedrich W. Deinhardt MD: 1926–1992,"
Journal of Hepatology
18 (1993): S2–S4.

Hilleman hepatitis A vaccine studies: C. C. Mascoli, O. L. Ittensohn, V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, P. J. Provost, and M. R. Hilleman, "Recovery of Hepatitis Agents in the Marmoset from Human Cases Occurring in Costa Rica,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
142 (1973): 276–82; P. J. Provost, O. L. Ittensohn, V. M. Villarejos, J. A. Arguedas, and M. R. Hilleman, "Etiologic Relationship of Marmoset-Propagated CR326 Hepatitis A Virus to Hepatitis in Man,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
142 (1973): 1257–67; P. J. Provost, O. L. Ittensohn, V. M. Villarejos, and M. R. Hilleman, "A Specific Complement-Fixation Test for Human Hepatitis A Employing CR326 Virus Antigen: Diagnosis and Epidemiology,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
148 (1975): 962–69; P. J. Provost, B. S. Wolanski, W. J. Miller, O. L. Ittensohn, W. J. McAleer, and M. R. Hilleman, "Physical, Chemical and Morphologic Dimensions of Human Hepatitis A Virus Strain CR326,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
148 (1975): 532–39; M. R. Hilleman, P. J. Provost, W. J. Miller, et al., "Immune Adherence and Complement-Fixation Tests for Human Hepatitis A: Diagnostic and Epidemiologic Investigations,"
Development of Biological Standards
30 (1975): 383–89; M. R. Hilleman, P. J. Provost, B. S. Wolanski, et al., "Characterization of CR326 Human Hepatitis A Virus, a Probable Enterovirus,"
Development of Biological Standards
30 (1975): 418–24; W. J. Miller, P. J. Provost, W. J. McAleer, O. L. Ittensohn, V. M. Villarejos, and M. R. Hilleman, "Specific Immune Adherence Assay for Human Hepatitis A Antibody: Application to Diagnostic and Epidemiologic Investigations,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
149 (1975): 254–61; P. J. Provost, B. S. Wolanski, W. J. Miller, O. L. Ittensohn, W. J. McAleer, and M. R. Hilleman, "Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of CR326 Human Hepatitis A Virus,"
American Journal of Medical Sciences
270 (1975): 87–91; M. R. Hilleman, P. J. Provost, W. J. Miller, et al., "Development and Utilization of Complement-Fixation and Immune Adherence Tests for Human Hepatitis A Virus and Antibody,"
American Journal of Medical Sciences
270 (1975): 93–98; V. M. Villarejos, A. Gutierrez-Diermissen, K. Anderson-Visona, A. Rodriguez-Aragones, P. J. Provost, and M.R. Hilleman, "Development of Immunity against Hepatitis A Virus by Sub-clinical Infection,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
153 (1976): 205–8; P. J. Provost, V. M. Villarejos, and M. R. Hilleman, "Suitability of the Rufiventer Marmoset as a Host Animal for Human Hepatitis A Virus,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
155 (1977): 283–86; P. J. Provost, V. M. Villarejos, and M. R. Hilleman, "Tests in Rufiventer and Other Marmosets of Susceptibility to Human Hepatitis A Virus,"
Primates in Medicine
10 (1978): 288–94; P. J. Provost and M. R. Hilleman, "An Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine Virus Prepared from Infected Marmoset Liver,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
159 (1978): 201–3; P. J. Provost and M. R. Hilleman, "Propagation of Human Hepatitis A Virus in Cell Culture in vitro,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
160 (1979): 213–21; P. J. Provost, P. A. Giesa, W. J. McAleer, and M. R. Hilleman, "Isolation of Hepatitis A Virus in vitro in Cell Culture Directly from Human Specimens,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
167 (1981): 201–6; P. J. Provost, F. S. Banker, P. A. Giesa, W. J. McAleer, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Progress Toward a Live, Attenuated Human Hepatitis A Vaccine,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
170 (1982): 8–14; P. J. Provost, P. A. Conti, P. A. Giesa, F. S. Banker, E. B. Buynak, W. J. McAleer, and M. R. Hilleman, "Studies in Chimps of Live, Attenuated Hepatitis A Vaccine Candidates,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
172 (1983): 357–63; W. M. Hurmi, W. J. Miller, W. J. McAleer, P. J. Provost, and M. R. Hilleman, "Viral Enhancement and Interference Induced in Cell Culture by Hepatitis A Virus: Application to Quantitative Assays for Hepatitis A Virus,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
175 (1984): 84–87.

Kiryas Joel: M. Hill, "Hasidic Enclave Has Growing Pains in Suburbia," Associated Press, September 11, 2004.

Werzberger hepatitis A vaccine study: A. Werzberger, B. Mensch, B. Kuter, L. Brown, J. Lewis, R. Sitrin, W. Miller, D. Shouval, B. Wiens, G. Calandra, J. Ryan, P. Provost, and D. Nalin, "A Controlled Trial of a Formalin-Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Healthy Children,"
New England Journal of Medicine
327 (1992): 453–57.

Leonard Hayflick persecution: P. M. Boffey, "The Fall and Rise of Leonard Hayflick,"
New York Times
, January 19, 1982; L. Hayflick, "WI–38: From Purloined Cells to National Policy,"
Current Contents
, January 15, 1990; N. Wade, "Hayflick's Tragedy: The Rise and Fall of a Human Cell Line,"
Science
192 (1976): 125–27; C. Holden, "Hayflick Case Settled,"
Science
215 (1982): 271; B. L. Strehler, "Hayflick-NIH Settlement,"
Science
215 (1982): 240–42.

Blood

Joan Staub and Bert Peltier were interviewed on May 15, 2006, and January 11, 2005, respectively.

AIDS cluster: D. M. Auerbach, W. W. Darrow, H. W. Jaffe, and J. W. Curran, "Cluster of Cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Patients Linked by Sexual Contact,"
American Journal of Medicine
76 (1984): 4 87–92.

Gaetan Dugas: R. Shilts,
And the Band Played On
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).

Hepatitis B disease: Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
.

Blumberg background: B. S. Blumberg, "The Discovery of the Hepatitis B Virus and the Invention of the Vaccine: A Scientific Memoir,"
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
17 (2002): S502; Hall of Fame, Inventor Profile, "Vaccine against Viral Hepatitis and Process: Process of Viral Diagnosis and Reagent Vaccine for Hepatitis B," http://www.invent.org.hall_of_ fame/17.html; P. Wortsman, "Profile: Baruch Blumberg '51,"
P & S Journal
16, no. 1 (Winter 1996); F. Blank, "76 Revolutionary Minds," phillymag. com, http://www.phillymag.com/Archives/ 2001Nov/smart_2.html; "Baruch S. Blumberg," http://britannica.com/nobel/micro/74_63.html; "Baruch S. Blumberg: Autobiography," http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1976/ Blumberg-autobio.html; "The Hepatitis B Story," http://www.beyond discovery.org.

Blumberg hepatitis studies: B. S. Blumberg, "Polymorphisms of the Serum Proteins and the Development of Iso-Precipitins in Transfused Patients,"
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
40 (1964): 377–86; B. S. Blumberg, J. S. Gerstley, D. A. Hungerford, et al., "A Serum Antigen (Australia Antigen) in Down's Syndrome, Leukemia, and Hepatitis,"
Annals of Internal Medicine
66 (1967): 924–31; B. S. Blumberg, A. I. Sutnick, and W. T. London, "Hepatitis and Leukemia: Their Relation to Australia Antigen,"
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
44 (1968): 1566–86; B. S. Blumberg, "Australia Antigen and the Biology of Hepatitis B: Nobel Lecture," December 13, 1976.
119 Prince hepatitis study: A. M. Prince, "An Antigen Detected in the Blood During the Incubation Period of Serum Hepatitis,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
60 (1968): 814–21.

Krugman background: Saul Krugman: Physician, scientist, teacher, 1911–1995, http://library.med.nyu.edu/library/eresources/featuredcollections/ krugman/html.

Krugman Willowbrook studies: S. Krugman and R. Ward, "Clinical and Experimental Studies of Infectious Hepatitis,"
Pediatrics
22 (1958): 1016–22; S. Krugman, J. P. Giles, and J. Hammond, "Viral Hepatitis, Type B (MS–2 Strain): Studies on Active Immunization,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
217 (1971): 41–45; S. Krugman, J. P. Giles, and J. Hammond, "Hepatitis Virus: Effect of Heat on the Infectivity and Antigenicity of the MS–1 and MS–2 Strains,"
Journal of Infectious Diseases
122 (1970): 432–36; S. Krugman, "The Willowbrook Hepatitis Studies Revisited: Ethical Aspects,"
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
8 (1986): 157–62.

Seymour Thaler: Radetsky,
Invaders
.

Hilleman blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine studies: M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, et al., "Purified and Inactivated Human Hepatitis B Vaccine,"
American Journal of the Medical Sciences
270 (1975): 401–4;E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, A. A. Tytell, A. U. Bertland, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Development and Chimpanzee Testing of a Vaccine against Human Hepatitis B,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
151 (1976): 694–700; E. B. Buynak, R. R. Roehm, A. A. Tytell, A. U. Bertland, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccine against Human Hepatitis B,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
235 (1976): 2832–34; E. Tabor, E. Buynak, L. A. Smallwood, P. Snoy, M. Hilleman, and R. Gerety, "Inactivation of Hepatitis B Virus by Three Methods: Treatment with Pepsin, Urea, or Formalin,"
Journal of Medical Virology
11 (1983): 1–9.

Alter quote: Radetsky,
Invaders
.

Vagelos quote: Symposium in honor of Maurice R. Hilleman, American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005.

Jeryl Hilleman quote: Ibid.

Wolf Szmuness: Radetsky,
Invaders
.

Szmuness hepatitis B vaccine study: W. Szmuness, C. E. Stevens, E. J. Harley, E. A. Zang, W. R. Oleszko, D. C. William, R. Sadovsky, J. M. Morrison, and A. Kellner, "Hepatitis B Vaccine: Demonstration of Efficacy in a Controlled Clinical Trial in a High-Risk Population in the United States,"
New England Journal of Medicine
303 (1980): 833–41.

Cantwell: A. Cantwell Jr.,
AIDS and the Doctors of Death
(Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1988).

Relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and AIDS: "Current Trends in Hepatitis B Vaccine: Evidence Confirming Lack of AIDS Transmission,"
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
33 (1984): 685–87.

Boyer and Cohen: "Biotechnology at 25: The Founders," http://bancroft. berkeley.Edu/Exhibits/Biotech/25.html; "Robert Swanson and Herbert Boyer: Giving Birth to Biotech,"
BusinessWeek Online
, http://www.businessweek. com/magazine/content/04_42/b3904017_mz072.htm; "A Historical Timeline: Cracking the Code of Life," http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/timeline_3.html; "Who Made America?: Herbert Boyer: Biotechnology," http://www. pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/boyer_hi.html; 1973, "Herbert Boyer (1936–) and Stanley Cohen (1936–) Develop Recombinant DNA Technology, Showing That Genetically Engineered DNA Molecules May Be Cloned in Foreign Cells,"
Genome News Network
, http://www.genomenews network.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php; "Shaping Life in the Lab: The Boom in Genetic Engineering,"
Time
, March 9, 1981; "Herbert Boyer (1936–)," http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Herbert_ Boyer.html; "The Birth of Biotech,"
Technology Review.com
; http://www.technology review.com/articles/00/07/trailing0700.asp; "Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer," http://www.nobel-prize-winners.com/cohen/cohen.html; "Herbert W. Boyer, PhD," Forbes.com; Inventor of the Week Archive, "Cloning of Genetically Engineered Molecules," http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/boyercohen.html.

Hilleman recombinant hepatitis B vaccine studies: P. Valenzuela, A. Medina, W. J. Rutter, G. Ammerer, and B. D. Hall, "Synthesis and Assembly of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Particles in Yeast,"
Nature
298 (1982): 347–50; W. J. McAleer, E. B. Buynak, R. Z. Maigetter, D. E. Wampler, W. J. Miller, and M. R. Hilleman, "Human Hepatitis B Vaccine from Recombinant Yeast,"
Nature
307 (1984): 178–80; M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and E. M. Scolnick, "Recombinant Yeast Human Hepatitis B Vaccine,"
Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association
37 (1985): 75–85; M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, and E. M. Scolnick, "Research on Hepatitis B Vaccine Continues Unabated,"
Medical Progress
, August 1985: 49–51; M. R. Hilleman, "Recombinant Yeast Hepatitis B Vaccine,"
Development of Biological Standards
63(1986): 57–62; M. R. Hilleman and R. Ellis, "Vaccines Made from Recombinant Yeast Cells,"
Vaccine
4 (1986): 75–76; M. R. Hilleman, "Present and Future Control of Human Hepatitis B by Vaccination, in
Modern Biotechnology and Health: Perspectives for the Year 2000
(New York: Academic Press, 1987); M. R. Hilleman, "Present Status of Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine,"
Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica
29 (1988): 8B–15B; M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccines in Perspective: Human Hepatitis B Vaccines, the First Subunit Recombinant Viral Vaccines," in
Current Topics in Biomedical Research
, ed. R. Kurth and W. K. Schwerdtfeger (Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1992), 145–61; M. R. Hilleman, "Vaccine Perspectives from the Vantage of Hepatitis B,"
Vaccine Research
1 (1992): 1–15; M. R. Hilleman, "Three Decades of Hepatitis Vaccinology in Historic Perspective: A Paradigm for Successful Pursuits," in Plotkin and Fantini,
Vaccinia
; M. R. Hilleman, "Critical Overview and Outlook: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma caused by Hepatitis B virus,"
Vaccine
21 (2003): 4626–49.