Vaccinated (25 page)

Smallpox vaccine problems: Tucker,
Scourge
.

Pasteur: Radetsky,
Invaders
; Williams,
Virus Hunters
; Debré,
Pasteur
; Geison,
Private Science
.

Pasteur vaccine problems: Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
.

Beijerinck: van Iterson, De Jong, and Kluyver,
Beijerinck
; Radetsky,
Invaders
; Williams,
Virus Hunters
; "Beijerinck and His "Filterable Principle,'"
Hospital Practice
26 (1991): 69–86.
38 Carrel: Williams,
Virus Hunters
; http://crishunt.8bit.co.uk/alexiscarrel. html; http://members.aol.com/amaccvpe/history.carrel.htm; http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/445.html.

Goodpasture: Collins,
Goodpasture;
A. M. Woodruff, and E. W. Goodpasture, "The Susceptibility of the Chorio-Allantoic Membrance of Chick Embryos to Infection with Fowl-Pox Virus," American Journal of Pathology 7 (1931): 209–22; M. Burnet, "The Influence of a Great Pathologist: A Tribute to Ernest Goodpasture,"
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
16 (1973): 333–47.

Theiler: Williams,
Virus Hunters
; Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
; H. H. Smith and M. Theiler, "The Adaptation of Unmodified Strains of Yellow Fever Virus to Cultivation in vitro,"
Journal of Experimental Medicine
65 (1937): 801–8; M. Theiler and H. H. Smith, "The Effect of Prolonged Cultivation in vitro upon the Pathogenicity of Yellow Fever Virus,"
Journal of Experimental Medicine
65 (1937): 767–86; T. N. Raju, "The Nobel Chronicles,"
Lancet
353 (1999): 1450; M. A. Shampo, and R. A. Kyle, "Max Theiler: Nobel Laureate for Yellow Fever Vaccine,"
Mayo Clinic Proceedings
78 (2003): 728.

Yellow fever vaccine and hepatitis: J. P. Fox, C. Manso, H. A. Penna, and M. Para, "Observations on the Occurrence of Icterus in Brazil Following Vaccination against Yellow Fever,"
American Journal of Hygiene
36 (1942): 68–116; M. V. Hargett and H. W. Burruss, "Aqueous-Based Yellow Fever Vaccine,"
Public Health Reports
58 (1943): 505–12; W. A. Sawyer, K. F. Meyer, M. D. Eaton, et al., "Jaundice in Army Personnel in the Western Region of the United States and Its Relation to Vaccination against Yellow Fever,"
American Journal of Hygiene
40 (1944): 35–107; L. B. Seeff, G. W. Beebe, J. H. Hoofnagle, et al., "A Serologic Follow-Up of the 1942 Epidemic of Post-Vaccination Hepatitis in the United States Army,"
New England Journal of Medicine
316 (1987): 965–70.

Enders, Weller and Robbins: Williams,
Virus Hunters
; Radetsky,
Invaders
; Weller,
Growing Pathogens
; J. F. Enders, T. H. Weller, and F. C. Robbins, "Cultivation of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Various Human Tissues,"
Science
109 (1949): 85–87; T. H. Weller, F. C. Robbins, and J. F. Enders, "Cultivation of Poliomyelitis Virus in Cultures of Human Foreskin and Embryonic Tissues,"
Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
72 (1949): 153–55; F. C. Robbins, J. F. Enders, and T. H. Weller, "Cytopathogenic Effect of Poliomyelitis Virus in vitro on Human Embryonic Tissues,"
Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
75 (1950): 370–74.

Salk: J. Smith,
Patenting the Sun
; Carter,
Breakthrough
; Tony Gould,
A Summer Plague: Polio and its Survivors
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995).

The Cutter Incident: Offit,
Cutter
.

The Destroying Angel

Samuel Katz and Thomas Weller were interviewed on February 22, 2005, and November 10, 2005, respectively.

NOTES

Measles: Plotkin and Orenstein,
Vaccines
; M. R. Hilleman, "Current Overview of the Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis of Measles with Focus on Practical Implications,"
Vaccine
20 (2002): 651–65.

Peebles: Williams,
Virus Hunters
.

Enders's laboratory measles studies: J. F. Enders and T. C. Peebles,
"Propagation in Tissue Cultures of Cytopathogenic Agents from Patients with Measles,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
86 (1954): 277–86; J. F. Enders, T. C. Peebles, K. McCarthy, M. Milovanovic, et al., "Measles Virus: A Summary of Experiments Concerned with Isolation, Properties, and Behavior,"
American Journal of Public Health
47 (1957): 275–82; S. L. Katz, M. Milovanovic, and J. F. Enders, "Propagation of Measles Virus in Cultures of Chick Embryo Cells,"
Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
37 (1958): 23–29; J. F. Enders, S. L. Katz, M. V. Milovanovic, and A. Holloway, "Studies on Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine, I: Development and Preparation of the Vaccine: Techniques for Assay of Effects of Vaccination,"
New England Journal of Medicine
263 (1960): 153–69; S. L. Katz, J. F. Enders, and A. Holloway, "Studies on an Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccines, II: Clinical, Virologic and Immunologic Effects of Vaccine in Institutionalized Children,"
New England Journal of Medicine
263 (1960): 157–61; S. Krugman, J. P. Giles, and A. M. Jacobs, "Studies on Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine; VI: Clinical, Antigenic and Prophylactic Effects of Vaccine in Institutionalized Children,"
New England Journal of Medicine
263 (1960): 174–77; S. L. Katz, H. Kempe, F. L. Balck, et al., "Studies on Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine; VIII: General Summary and Evaluation of Results of Vaccination,"
New England Journal of Medicine
263 (1960): 180–84.

Hilleman measles studies: J. Stokes Jr., C. M. Reilly, M. R. Hilleman, and E. B. Buynak, "Use of Living Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Early Infancy,"
New England Journal of Medicine
263 (1960): 230–33; C. M. Reilly, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, G. Goldner, and M. R. Hilleman, "Living Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Early Infancy: Studies of the Role of Passive Antibody in Immunization,"
New England Journal of Medicine
265 (1961): 165–69; J. Stokes Jr., M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, et al., "Efficacy of Live, Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine Given with Human Immune Globulin: A Preliminary Report,"
New England Journal of Medicine
265 (1961): 507–13; J. Stokes Jr., C. M. Reilly, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Immunologic Studies of Measles,"
American Journal of Hygiene
74 (1961): 293–303; J. Stokes Jr., R. E. Weibel, R. Halenda, C. M. Reilly, and M. R. Hilleman, "Studies of Live Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Man, I: Clinical Aspects,"
American Journal of Public Health
52 (1962): 29–43; M. R. Hilleman, J. Stokes Jr., E.B. Buynak, et al., "Studies of Live Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine in Man, II: Appraisal of Efficacy,"
American Journal of Public Health
52 (1962): 44–56; J. Stokes Jr., R. Weibel, R. Halenda, C. M. Reilly, and M. R. Hilleman, "Enders Live Measles-Virus Vaccine with Human Immune Globulin, I: Clinical Reactions,"
American Journal of Diseases
of Children
103 (1962): 366–72; M. R. Hilleman, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, et al., "Enders' Live Measles-Virus Vaccine with Human Immune Globulin,"
American Journal of Diseases of Children
103 (1962): 373–79; M. R. Hilleman and H. Goldner, "Perspectives for Testing Safety of Live Measles Vaccine,"
American Journal of Diseases of Children
103 (1962): 484–95; M. R. Hilleman, J. Stokes Jr., E. B. Buynak, et al., "Immunogenic Response to Killed Measles Vaccine,"
American Journal of Diseases of Children
103 (1962): 445–51; J. Stokes Jr., M. R. Hilleman, R. E. Weibel, et al., "Persistent Immunity Following Enders Live, Attenuated Measles-Virus Vaccine Given with Human Immune Globulin,"
New England Journal of Medicine
267 (1962): 222–24; R. E. Weibel, J. Stokes Jr., R. Halenda, E. B. Buynak, and M. R. Hilleman, "Durable Immunity Two Years after Administration of Enders's Live Measles-Virus Vaccine with Immune Globulin,"
New England Journal of Medicine
270 (1964) : 172–75; M. R. Hilleman, E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, et al., "Development and Evaluation of the Moraten Measles Vaccine,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
206 (1968): 587–90; E. B. Buynak, R. E. Weibel, A. A. McLean, and M. R. Hilleman, "Long-Term Persistence of Antibody Following Enders' Original and More Attenuated Live Measles Virus Vaccine,"
Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
153 (1976): 441–43; M. R. Hilleman, "Current Overview of the Pathogenesis and Prophylaxis of Measles with Focus on Practical Implications,"
Vaccine
20 (2002): 651–65.

Stokes and gamma globulin: A. M. Bongiovanni, "Joseph Stokes Jr.,"
Pediatrics
50 (1972): 163–64.

Clinton Farms: J. Peet, "Edna Mahan Clung to Her Ideal,"
Newark Star Ledger
, January 5, 2006.

Peyton Rous and cancer causing viruses: Williams,
Virus Hunters
; Radetsky,
Invaders
; Francis Peyton Rous, http://www.geocities.com/ galenvagebn/RousFP.html; Britannica Nobel Prizes, http://www.britannica. com/nobel/micro/511_71.html; P. Rous, "Transmission of a Malignant New Growth by Means of a Cell-Free Filtrate,"
Journal of the American Medical Association
January 21, 1911; G. Klein, "The Tale of the Great Cuckoo Egg,"
Nature
400 (1999): 515.

Jackalopes: D. G. McNeill, "How a Vaccine Search Ended in Triumph,"
New York Times
, August 29, 2006.

Chicken leukemia virus: W. F. Hughes, D. H. Watanabe, and H. Rubin,
"The Development of a Chicken Flock Apparently Free of Leukosis Virus,"
Avian Diseases
7 (1963): 154–65; P. K. Vogt, "Avian Tumor Viruses,"
Advances in Virus Research
11 (1965): 293–385; T. Graf and H. Beug, "Avian Leukemia Viruses: Interaction with Their Target Cells in vivo and in vitro,"
Biochemica et Biophysica Acta
516 (1978): 269–99; M. J. Hayman, "Transforming Proteins of Avian Retroviruses,"
Journal of General Virology
52 (1981): 1–14; R. C. Gallo and F. Wong-Staal, "Retroviruses as Etiologic Agents of Some Animal and Human Leukemias and Lymphomas and as Tools for Elucidating the Molecular Mechanism of Leukemogenesis,"
Blood
60 (1982): 545–57; M. J. Hayman, "Avian Acute Leukemia Viruses,"
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
103 (1983): 109–25; K. Blister and H. W. Jansen, "Oncogenes in Retroviruses and Cells: Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics,"
Advances in Cancer Research
47 (1986): 99–188; H. Beug, A. Bauer, H. Dolznig, et al., "Avian Erythryopoiesis and Erythroleukemia: Towards Understanding the Role of the Biomolecules Involved,"
Biochemica et Biophysica Acta
1288 (1996): M37–M47; A. M. Fadley, "Avian Retroviruses,"
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food and Animal Practice
13 (1997): 71–85.

Rubin test: H. Rubin: "A Virus in Chick Embryos Which Induces Resistance in vitro to Infection with Rous Sarcoma Virus,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA
46 (1960): 1105–19," and "The Nature of a Virus-Induced Cellular Resistance to Rous Sarcoma Virus,"
Virology
13 (1961): 200–6.

Kimber Farms: P. Smith and Daniel,
Chicken Book
; "Museum of Local History Exhibits Kimber Memorabilia,"
Tri-City Voice
, December 21, 2004; Fremont's economy: http://www.geography.berkeley.edu/ProjectsResources/ CommunityProfiles/FremontProject/WebPage.

Yellow fever vaccine and cancer: T. D. Waters, P. S. Anderson, G. W. Beebe, and R. W. Miller, "Yellow Fever Vaccination, Avian Leukosis Virus, and Cancer Risk in Man,"
Science
177 (1972): 76–77.

Coughs, Colds, Cancers, and Chickens

Marek's disease and vaccine: R. L. Witter, K. Nazerian, H. G. Purchase, and G. H. Burgoyne, "Isolation from Turkeys of a Cell-Associated Herpesvirus Antigenically Related to Marek's Disease Virus,"
American Journal of Veterinary Research
31 (1970): 525–38; M. R. Hilleman, "Marek's Disease Vaccine: Its Implications in Biology and Medicine,"
Avian Diseases
16 (1972): 191–99.

Hubbard Farms: "Tribute to Hubbard Farms on Their 75th Anniversary Celebration," http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r104:S05SE6–1109; S. Aldag, "University of New Hampshire Will Honor Philanthropic Excellence on University Day," September 11, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture
Insight
, July 26, 2001, http://www.unh.edu/news/news_releases/2001/ july%20/sa_20010726hubbard.html.

Penicillin: Lax,
Mold
.

Isaacs and Lindenmann: J. Lindenmann, "From Interference to Interferon: A Brief Historical Introduction,"
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
299 (1982): 3–6; A. Isaacs and J. Lindenmann, "Virus Interference, I: The Interferon,"
Journal of Interferon Research
7 (1987): 429–38.

Hilleman's interferon studies: G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Purification and Characterization of Chick Embryo Interferon,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
112 (1963): 468–78; G. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hill, a> "Characterization of Chick Embryo Interferon Induced by a DNA Virus,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
118 (1965): 441–48; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Multiple Molecular Species of Interferons of Mouse and of Rabbit Origin,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
121 (1966): 377–84; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance, I: Double-Stranded RNA from Extracts of Penicillium funiculosum,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
58 (1967): 782–89; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance, II: Multi-Stranded Synthetic Polynucleotide Complexes,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
58 (1967): 1004–10; A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; III: Double-Stranded RNA from Reovirus Type 3 Virions (REO 3-RNA),"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
58 (1967): 1719–22; A. K. Field, G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; IV: Double-Stranded Replicative form RNA (MS2-RF-RNA) from E. coli Infected with MS2 Coliphage,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
58 (1967): 2102–8; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; V: In vitro Studies,"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA
61 (1968): 340–46; V. M. Larson, W. R. Clark, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic (Poly I:C) and Viral Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids on Adenovirus 12 Oncogenesis in Hamsters,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
131 (1969): 1002–11; V. M. Larson, W. R. Clark, G. E. Dagle, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid, Poly I:C, on Friend Leukemia Virus in Mice,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
132 (1969): 602–7; M. M. Nemes, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; VI: Antiviral Efficacy of Poly I:C in Animal Models,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
132 (1969): 776–83; M. M. Nemes, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, and M. R. Hilleman, "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance; VII: Antiviral Efficacy of Double-Stranded RNA of Natural Origin,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
132 (1969): 784–89; G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Polyamines on Induction of Interferon and Resistance to Viruses by Synthetic Polynucleotides,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
132 (1969): 212–18;V. M. Larson, P. N. Panteleakis, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Synthetic Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid (Poly I:C) on SV40 Viral Oncogenesis and Transplant Tumor in Hamsters,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
133 (1970): 14–19; M. R. Hilleman, "Some Preclinical Studies in Animal Models with Double-Stranded RNA's,"
Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences
173 (1970): 623–28; G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Relationship of Molecular Size of rI
_u
:rC
_u
(Poly I:C) to Induction of Interferon and Host Resistance,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
135 (1970): 911–16; A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, M. M. Nemes, and M. R. Hilleman, "Influence of Size of Individual Homopolynucleotides on the Physical and Biological Properties of Complexed rI
_u
: rC
_u
(Poly I:C),"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
135 (1970): 917–21; C. L. Baugh, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "In vitro Safety Assessment of Double-Stranded Polynucleotides Poly I:C and Mu–9,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
137 (1971): 1194–98; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Antigenicity of Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acids Including Poly I: C,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
139 (1972): 1113–19; A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, G. P. Lampson, and M. R. Hilleman, "Cellular Control of Interferon Production and Release after Treatment with Poly I:C Inducer,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
140 (1972): 710–14; A. K. Field, G. P. Lampson, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Demonstration of Double-Stranded Ribonucleic Acid in Concentrates of RNA Viruses,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
141 (1972): 440–44; G. P. Lampson, M. M. Nemes, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "The Effect of Altering the Size of Poly C on the Toxicity and Antigenicity of Poly I:C,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
141 (1972): 1068–72; B. Mendlowski, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Safety Assessment of Poly I:C in NZB/NZW Mice,"
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
148 (1975): 476–83; G. P. Lampson, A. K. Field, A. A. Tytell, and M. R. Hilleman, "Poly I:C/Poly-L-Lysine: Potent Inducer of Interferons in Primates,"
Journal of Interferon Research
1 (1981): 539–49.