The Train to Crystal City: FDR's Secret Prisoner Exchange (55 page)

American-born children of,
44
,
103

awareness of World War II progress among,
96
,
188
,
233
,
243
,
244

camp administration of nationalities and,
94
–95,
297
–98

camp store for,
108
–09,
117
,
118
–19,
186

closure of camp and,
307

conflicts between German Jews and,
80
–81,
116

daily life for,
58
,
106
–07,
244

Das Lager
camp newsletter for,
114
,
115
,
116

death of Roosevelt and,
234
–35

disputes between Japanese and,
55

film about Crystal City and,
240
–42

flag with swastika controversy and,
93
–94,
95
,
103
,
104
,
111

German culture in,
90

housing constructed for,
55
,
56

Kuhn and,
96
–97,
100
–01

Nazi sympathizers among,
80
,
93
–94,
184
,
345

O’Rourke’s handling of problems in,
95
,
100
,
103
,
114
–18,
298
,
345

pressure to use German School among,
111
,
112

reparation proposals for,
325

repatriation of.
See
repatriation

school for,
58
,
90
,
111
–13,
120
,
134
,
135
,
299

self-rule election of spokesman by,
93
,
94
–95,
114
–15

Switzerland as protecting power for,
44
,
93
,
299

German School, Crystal City camp, Texas,
58
,
90
,
111
–13,
120
,
134
,
135
,
299

Germany

anti-Semitism in,
75
,
80

exchanges for American citizens held in,
64
–65,
88
,
96
,
102
,
112
,
188
,
193
–95,
323
–24

Kuhn and the Bund and,
98
,
100
,
113
,
323

Nazi treatment of Jews in.
See
Jews in Germany

repatriation of internees to.
See
repatriation

World War II and,
32
–33,
73
,
85
,
170
,
197
,
213
–14,
243
,
277
–78,
323

Gila River Relocation Camp, Arizona,
147
–50

Gilford, M. E.,
49

Goldsmith, Kathryn,
133
–34,
135
,
237

Goslar, Hanneli,
201
–02

Grayber, Paul,
xvi
–xvii

Grew, Joseph,
123

Gross, Carl,
36

Guffey, Joseph,
53
–54

Gullion, Allen,
23

Gutierrez, Jose Angel,
42
,
43
–44,
316
–17

Harada, Higo,
244

Harrison, Anna,
45
,
46

Harrison, Carol Sensenig,
46
,
47
,
50
,
51
,
52
,
176

Harrison, Earl,
322

Harrison, Earl G.

Alien Registration Division and,
47
,
48
–50,
51
–52

background of,
45
–46

Biddle’s encouragement of,
47
,
52
–53

Crystal City administration and,
55
,
56
,
85
,
111
,
165
,
176
,
311
,
321

Crystal City German section unrest and,
94
,
103
–04,
115

Crystal City site selection by,
35
,
37
–38,
41
,
43
,
44
,
45
,
54
,
269

death of,
322

education for the internees and,
111

Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit with,
50
–52

Fukuda’s complaint about treatment and,
165

gift from Japanese internees in Crystal City to,
177

immigration issues in Congress and,
176
–77

as INS commissioner,
35
,
38
,
53
–54,
115
,
176
,
269

instructions to employees on being patient from,
115

Jewish displaced persons and,
263
–64,
265
–72,
273
,
321

Jewish families sheltered by,
47
,
176

marriage and family of,
46
–47

Mathias Eiserloh report from,
88

need for a camp seen by,
38
,
40
,
43

postwar civil rights work of,
321

protection of internees and,
85
,
104
,
311

resignation from INS by,
177
,
180
,
269

schools in camps and,
111
,
134

War Refugee Board and,
231

Harrison, J. Barton (“Bart”),
47
,
176
,
321
,
322

Harrison, Joseph Layland,
45
,
46

Harrison, Paul,
322

Harrison Report,
269
–72,
278
,
285
,
321

Hasenberg, Gertrude

Amsterdam life of,
203
,
205

arrest of,
204

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and,
197
,
199
,
288

decision to emigrate to America,
226

exchange journey of,
200
,
201
,
208
,
209
,
266
,
329

health of,
200
,
201
,
209
,
210
,
288

hospitalization in Switzerland of,
209
,
210
,
212
,
224
,
225
–26,
266

reunion with family in United States,
288

Westerbork Camp and,
206

Hasenberg, Irene

Amsterdam life of,
203

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and,
197
,
198
–200,
201
–02,
207
–08,
274
,
285
,
288
,
329
,
330

decision to emigrate to America,
226
,
284
,
285

exchange journey of,
198
,
200
–01,
208
–12,
231
,
266
,
329
–30

family background of,
202

Kaplans’ sponsorship of,
226
,
284
,
286
–87

parents’ arrest and,
204

Philippeville displaced-persons camp and,
211
,
223
–26,
229
,
232
,
266
,
271
,
274
,
284
–85,
289

postwar life of,
330

reunion with family in United States,
288

school and,
287
–88

ship journey to United States,
274
,
285
–87

Westerbork Camp and,
205
–06

Hasenberg, John

Amsterdam life of,
203
–05

arrest of,
204

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and,
197
,
207
,
329

death of,
208
–09,
284
,
288
,
330

decision to not go into hiding,
203

exchange journey of,
200
–01,
208
,
329

false passports secured by,
204
,
207
,
231

work history of,
202
–03

Hasenberg, Werner,
288
,
329

Amsterdam life of,
203
,
204
,
226

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and,
197
,
200
,
201
,
207
,
288
,
329
,
330

decision to emigrate to America,
226

exchange journey of,
200
,
208
–09,
329

health of,
209
,
210

hospitalization in Switzerland of,
210
,
212
,
224
,
225
–26,
266

parents’ arrest and,
204

reunion with family in United States,
288

Hasenburger, Heinrich Johann,
114
–15,
118

Heart Mountain Relocation Camp, Wyoming,
121
,
125
,
127
–30,
132
,
251
,
254
,
292
,
314

Heinemann, Wilhelm,
81

Helm, Edith,
27
,
28

Hemingway, Ernest,
26

Henshaw, George H.,
142

Herlands, William B.,
99

Hersey, Evelyn,
96

Hiroshi, Kenneth,
243

Hiroshima, Japan

bombing of,
245
,
246
,
257

internees’ return to,
260
–62,
291

Hitler, Adolf

German immigrants and,
26
,
75
,
80
,
86
,
88
,
93
,
95
,
237
,
240

Jews and,
48
,
177
,
228
,
267

Kuhn and the Bund and,
96
,
97
,
98
,
113

war and,
22
,
28
,
29
,
72
–73,
177
,
185
,
195
,
240
,
284

Hoelscher, Ernie and Helen,
63
–65,
74

Hohenreiner, Therese,
100

Homfreyganj Massacre,
165
–66

Hoover, J. Edgar,
5
,
26
,
27
–28,
29
,
32
,
68
,
69
,
72
,
77
,
99
,
114

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC),
26
,
42

Hull, Cordell,
26
,
27

Ickes, Harold,
148

immigrants

alien registration of,
47
–50,
51
–52

American citizenship of children of,
7
,
12
,
76
,
96
,
101
,
111
,
137
–38,
145
,
184
,
198
,
227
,
234
,
241
,
251
,
273
,
279
,
289
,
293
,
305

arrests of,
5
,
16
,
62
–63,
269

denial of citizenship to,
13
,
32
,
50
,
140

Eleanor Roosevelt’s protection of rights of,
19
,
22
,
31
–32,
33
,
50
,
51

internment of,
xv
–xvii,
23
–24,
32
,
78
,
310
–11,
325

labeled as dangerous enemy aliens,
xv
,
xvii
,
xviii
,
8
,
77
,
100
,
143
,
147
,
156
,
262
,
298

repatriation of.
See
repatriation

split foreign and American identities of,
73
–74

as subjects of suspicion,
5
,
19
–20,
22
–25,
42
,
48
,
49
–50,
85
,
176
,
262

immigration

Harrison’s experience with,
45
–46,
265
–66,
269

laws on.
See
immigration laws

Roosevelt’s policies on,
26
–27,
50
,
262

Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)

applicants for naturalization and,
70

arrest of Latin Americans and,
39
–40

Biddle as commissioner of,
35
,
38
,
53
–54,
111
,
115
,
176
–77

Carusi as commissioner of,
177

Congressional action on immigration issues and,
176
–77

Crystal City administration by,
xv
,
38
,
56
,
58
,
94
,
240
,
263

education for internees and,
111
,
134
–35

Eiserloh family and,
68
,
69
,
72
,
80
,
84
,
86
,
88
,
89
,
263
,
326