The Train to Crystal City: FDR's Secret Prisoner Exchange (57 page)

Kostler, Lise,
202

Kramer, Josef,
199

Kreuzner, George,
116
–17

Kuhn, Elsa,
97
,
100
,
115
,
323

Kuhn, Fritz,
96
–101,
103
,
113
–14,
115
–16,
118
,
298
,
323

Kuhn, Walter Max,
100
,
103
,
115
,
323

Kuhn, Waltraut,
100
,
323

Kumamoto, “Spider,”
238

Kurusu, Saburo,
57

La Guardia, Fiorello,
19
–20,
99

Latin America

exchanges involving nationals from,
38
,
231

FBI monitoring of threats from,
29
,
39

internment camps in,
39

removal and internment of nationals from,
xvii
,
29
,
39
–40,
185
,
246
,
320

Latin Americans

alien registration of,
49

in Crystal City,
xv
,
38
–39,
41
,
45
,
57
,
80
,
87
,
88
,
96
,
136
,
155
,
178
,
183
,
185
,
193
,
231
,
253
,
316

Nazi supporters among,
80

racial discrimination against,
52

repatriation of,
246

See also
Japanese Peruvians

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC),
49

Leetham, Ingrid.
See
Eiserloh, Ingrid

Leetham, Mack,
326

Lewis, Sinclair,
26

Liberty ships,
231
–32,
274
,
284
,
285
–86

Lichtman, Allan J.,
229
–30,
354

Lippmann, Walter,
22
–23

Lordsburg, New Mexico, internment camp,
126
,
143
,
147
,
149
,
154
–55

MacArthur, Douglas,
245
,
290

Manzanar relocation camp, California,
171

Mangels, William,
185

Mangione, Jerre,
39
–40,
49
,
50
,
57
–58,
109
,
234
,
240
,
340
–41

March of Time
newsreel,
38

Martin, Dr. Robert,
179
,
186
,
188
–89,
239
,
303
,
304
,
306

Masuda, Bessie,
179

Matshushima, Yoji J.,
130
–31

Maverick, Maury,
42

McCollister, L. T.,
307
,
309
,
310

McCormack, John,
26

McGovern, Pat,
67
,
75

McGovern, Rosemary,
67
–68,
74

McIntire, Ross T.,
32
–33

Menuhin, Yehudi,
237

Military Intelligence Service (MIS),
115
,
144
,
151

Minidoka, Idaho, internment camp,
126

Minner (later Fuhr), Barbara,
239
–40,
301
–02,
308
,
309
,
324
,
325

Missoula, Montana, internment camp,
55
,
126
,
143
,
154
,
155

Mochizuki, Carmen Higa,
xvii
–xviii,
245
–46,
253
,
254
–55,
260
,
320
,
357

Morgenthau, Henry Jr.,
50
–51,
265

Munch, Edvard,
8
–9

Murrow, Edward R.,
264
–65

Mussolini, Benito,
240

Myer, Dillon,
148
,
149

Nagasaki, Japan

bombing of,
245
,
246
,
257

interness’ return to,
260

Nakamura, Gongoro,
235

Nakamura, Ty,
178
,
179

Nazis and Nazi sympathizers

American fears of,
25
–26,
39
,
75

anti-German sentiment and,
4
,
6
,
75
,
76
,
93
–94,
102
,
116
,
308
,
345

conflicts between Jewish internees and,
81
,
264

FBI investigation of,
5
,
26
,
59
,
77

German internees and support for,
80
–81,
184
,
242
,
300

Kuhn and the Bund and,
96
,
98
–99,
100
,
103

racial discrimination and,
126
,
177

Neff, Eleanor,
84
–85

nisei.
See
Japanese Americans

New Deal,
21
,
44
,
72
,
99
,
229
–30

New York Times
,
25
–26,
100
,
177
,
271
,
272
,
307
,
323

Nishimoto, Alice Nagao,
178
–79,
260
–62,
320

Nomura, Kichisaburo,
57
,
123

Nuremberg trials,
322

Ohta, Ella,
243
,
246

Okabe, Mas,
253
,
256
,
257
,
259
–60,
290
–91,
292
,
318

Okazaki, Maruko,
174

Okazaki, Sid,
136

Oliver, Symmes F.,
56
,
91

O’Rourke, Joan,
57
,
321

O’Rourke, Joseph

background of,
56
–57,
118

camp children and,
57
,
58
,
130
,
167
,
170
,
174
,
233
–34,
296
,
298
,
302

camp stores and,
109
,
118
–19

complaints from internees to,
94
,
95
,
100

coping with the demands of his work by,
57
–58,
117
,
234

as Crystal City officer in charge,
56
,
58
,
85
,
104
,
112
,
117
–18,
131
,
295

death of Roosevelt and,
235

drowning of two girls and,
178
,
180

Eiserloh family and,
89

Elsa Kuhn and,
100

employees at Crystal City and,
104
,
108
,
297

end of World War II announced by,
244

film on Crystal City and,
240
,
241

Fukuda family and,
156
–57,
164
,
166
,
167
,
303
–04,
305
,
321

German section tensions and,
95
,
100
,
103
,
114
–16,
117
,
118
,
298
,
345

Harrison’s resignation from INS and,
177
,
180

Japanese section problems and,
118
–20,
135
,
150
–51,
164
,
169
,
170
–74

junior-senior prom and,
169
,
170
–74

mail monitoring and censorship and,
173
,
174
,
176

mix of nationalities in Crystal City and,
297

personal life of,
57
,
295
–96

postwar deportation of internees by,
298
–301

process of phasing out camp by,
302

reassignment to INS office of,
306
–07,
321

repatriation (exchange) and,
184

report and reflections on the camp by,
295
–97,
311

schools and,
134
,
135
,
169
,
170
,
173
,
244
,
299
,
302

swimming pool and,
105

tofu production and,
118
–20

travel arrangements for Japanese and,
127
,
130

Utsushigawa’s return to Japan and,
249

welcome speech from,
90
–91

O’Rourke, Loretta,
57

O’Rourke, Mary,
295
–96,
306
,
307
,
321

Oykawa, Aiko,
178
–79

Palestine, proposed immigration to,
267
,
270
–71,
284
,
321

Parker, Margaret Paul,
37
–38

parole of internees,
77
,
150
,
244
,
253
,
301
,
305
–06,
309
–10

Patton, George S.,
213
,
264
,
272

Pearl Harbor attack,
xvii
,
3
,
4
–6,
9
–12,
20
,
22
–23,
30
–31,
154

Pehle, John,
264

Pegler, Westbrook,
23

Perry, Donald,
49

Peru

arrests of Axis citizens in,
39

Japanese in.
See
Japanese Peruvians

postwar denial of return of Japanese Peruvians to,
260
,
305

Philippeville, Algeria, displaced-persons camp,
211
,
223
–26,
229
,
232
,
266
,
271
,
274
,
284
–85,
289

Poots, Robert,
65

Popeye statue, Crystal City, Texas,
41
–42,
90
,
131
,
249

prisoners of war (POWs)

American, in Germany,
194
–95,
323
–24,
184
–85,
194
,
209
,
228
,
323
–24

American, in Japan,
123
,
124
,
142
,
165
,
242

American camps for,
38
,
40
,
43
,
45
,
77
–78,
80

at Crystal City,
38
,
88
,
96
,
134
,
169

exchange program for,
29
,
78
,
184
–85,
189
,
194
,
209
,
228

family reunions as condition for repatriation of,
82
,
88
,
126

Fritz Kuhn as,
96

Geneva Convention on treatment of,
40
,
45
,
154
,
166

German,
191
,
192
,
194
,
227
,
228

Japanese,
127
,
131

Mathias Eiserloh as,
77
–78,
80
,
82
,
88

official enemy aliens classified as,
77
,
78

Quakers,
150
,
254
,
322

Reagan, Ronald,
320
,
327

Red Cross,
80
,
93
,
108
,
122
,
137
,
166
,
195
,
208
–09,
211
,
273

reparations,
320
,
325

repatriation

American-born children and,
111
–12,
151
,
152
,
184

Biddle’s speech on,
151
–52

decisions on,
165
,
184
,
185
–87

departure ceremonies for,
115
,
187

Eiserloh family and,
82
,
88
,
111
–12,
186
–87,
188

exchanges for Americans as part of,
64
–65,
96
,
102
,
112
,
115
,
188
,
193
–95,
323
–24

family reunions as condition for,
82
,
88
,
126

Fukuda’s concern about,
164
,
165

Hasenburger family and,
115

involuntary,
96
,
112
,
116

Isamu Taniguchi’s request for,
147
,
150
–51

Kolb family and,
116

Kanogawa family and,
126

Kuhn’s status and,
96
–97,
115
–16

language difficulties after,
111

list of items to be taken on,
185
–86

loyalty of Japanese internees and desire for,
164

meaning of word,
184

number and range of internees on,
189

oaths signed before leaving,
187

Utsushigawa family and,
121
,
126
,
137

volunteering for 442nd Combat Team to avoid,
152