The History of White People (60 page)

2
Carl C. Brigham,
A Study of American Intelligence
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923), 13. Stephen Jay Gould discusses the Army IQ tests at length, noting the high frequency of zeros on the tests, indicating that soldiers had simply not answered the questions. Such results should have alerted testers to the tests’ unsuitability. Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 230–33. Truman Lee Kelley had reached a similar conclusion in
Interpretation of Educational Measurement
(Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y.: World, 1927).

3
Brigham,
Study of American Intelligence
, 48.

4
Quoted in Leila Zenderland,
Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 and 2001), 264.

5
Henry H. Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,”
Journal of Delinquency
1, no. 5 (Sept. 1917): 224.

6
Zenderland,
Measuring Minds
, 266, 273.

7
Goddard, “Mental Tests and the Immigrant,” 243, 252, 266. In this essay Goddard recognizes that mental handicap can be the result of heredity (“morons beget morons”) or of deprivation. He also concedes that so-called morons may have their place as drudges. See pp. 269, 270. These qualifications disappeared in the xenophobic 1920s discussion of immigration restriction.

8
Donald A. Dewsbury, “Robert M. Yerkes: A Psychobiologist with a Plan,” in
Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology
, ed. Gregory A. Kimble, C. Alan Boneau, and Michael Wertheimer, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1966), 92, 87–88.

9
Daniel J. Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I,”
Journal of American History
55, no. 3 (Dec. 1968): 565.

10
Wade Pickren, “Robert Yerkes, Calvin Stone, and the Beginning of Programmatic Sex Research by Psychologists, 1921–1930,”
American Journal of Psychology
110, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 608.

11
Daniel J. Kevles,
In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity
, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995): 80.

12
Ibid., 80–81.

13
Zenderland,
Measuring Minds
, 293, 297.

14
Yerkes, “Testing the Human Mind,” 359, 364, 370.

15
Quoted in Gould,
Mismeasure of Man
, 224–25n. Gould explains the ways military reluctance affected the tests’ administration and reduced the reliability of the results. For a fuller explanation of the Army’s response, see Kevles, “Testing the Army’s Intelligence,” 571–80.

16
The report, entitled
Psychological Examining in the United States Army
, was published in 1921.

17
David Owen, “Inventing the SAT,”
Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter
8, no. 1, 1985, http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF0801 /Owen/Owen.html.

18
Matthew T. Downey,
Carl Campbell Brigham: Scientist and Educator
(Princeton: Educational Testing Service, 1961), 5–7.

19
Ibid., 26.

20
Brigham,
Study of American Intelligence
, vii.

21
Ibid., 124.

22
Ibid., 146.

23
Ibid., vi, 159. See also Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 428, 437.

24
Georges Vacher de Lapouge,
L’Aryen: Son rôle social
(Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1899), 345.

25
U.S. Senate, 61st Cong., 3rd sess., Reports of the Immigration Commission,
Dictionary of Races or Peoples
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1911), 5.

26
Brigham,
Study of American Intelligence
, 100, 101, 107, 110–11.

CHAPTER 21: THE GREAT UNREST

1
See “Lost Laughter,”
Time.com
, 26 Oct. 1936, http://www.time.com/time/ magazine/article/ 0,9171,788569-1,00.html, Roger Penn Cuff, “The American Editorial Cartoon: A Critical Historical Sketch,”
Journal of Educational Sociology
19, no. 2 (Oct. 1945): 93, 95, and S. K. Stevens, “Of Men and Many Things,”
Pennsylvania History
14 (Jan. 1947): 55.

2
Richard A. Easterlin, “Immigration: Social Characteristics,” in
Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
, ed. Stephan Thernstrom (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 482.

3
The material that follows comes from Nell Irvin Painter,
Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919
, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 261–63, 293–390.

4
Tony Michels,
A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 3.

5
William Preston,
Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933
, 2nd ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 99.

6
W. E. B. Du Bois from
Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil
(1920) in
W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader
, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 458.

7
Ray Roun cartoon,
Saturday Evening Post
, 12 Feb. 1921, p. 21. This cartoon illustrates Kenneth L. Roberts’s “Plain Remarks on Immigration for Plain Americans.”

8
Painter,
Standing at Armageddon
, 362–65, 368–70.

9
Ibid., 372–73.

10
Jan Cohn,
Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the
Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 103, 130–31.

11
Howard C. Hill, “The Americanization Movement,”
American Journal of Sociology
24, no. 6 (May 1919): 630.

12
See Neil Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate
(New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 38–42. The graduation ceremony description is on 42.

CHAPTER 22: THE MELTING POT A FAILURE?

1
Jonathan Peter Spiro, “Patrician Racist: The Evolution of Madison Grant” (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2000), 498. See also Jonathan Peter Spiro,
Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant
(Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2008).

2
See Jan Cohn,
Creating America: George Horace Lorimer and the
Saturday Evening Post (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 10, 28–29, 166, and “Lorimer, George Horace” (2007), in
Encyclopedia Britannica Online
, http://searchj.eb.com/eb/article-9048978. See also Frederick Allen, “Star-Spangled Bigot,”
American Heritage
, Nov.–Dec. 1989, pp. 63–64.

3
John T. Frederick, “Kenneth Roberts,”
English Journal
30, no. 6 (June 1941): 436–37, 438.

4
Jack Bales,
Kenneth Roberts
(New York: Twayne, 1993), 11.

5
“Angry Man’s Romance,” cover story,
Time
, 25 Nov. 1940, http://www.time.com/time/ magazine/article /0,9171,884165,00.html.

6
Jack Bales,
Kenneth Roberts: The Man and His Works
(Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989), viii.

7
Ibid., xvi; Edgar Allen Beem,
Downeast Magazine
, Aug. 1997, in “Kenneth Lewis Roberts,” http://www.waterborolibrary.org/maineaut/r.htm. Roberts, like many other writers obsessed by race, died childless.

8
Bales,
Kenneth Roberts
(1989), 23–24.

9
Kenneth L. Roberts, “Plain Remarks on Immigration for Plain Americans,”
Saturday Evening Post
, 12 Feb. 1921, pp. 21, 22, 44; Roberts,
Why Europe Leaves Home
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1922), 21–22, 96, 104, 113–14.

10
Roberts,
Why Europe Leaves Home
, 20–22, 54, 230–32, 271.

11
Ibid., 15, 37, 41, 76–78.

12
E. A. Ross,
The Old World in the New: The Significance of Past and Present Immigration to the American People
(New York: Century, 1914), 150–51, 256, 285–89 (emphasis in original).

13
Ibid., 289–90.

14
Roberts,
Why Europe Leaves Home
, 48, 50; Bales,
Kenneth Roberts
(1989), 17.

15
See, e.g.,
New York Times
, 31 May 1937, p. 15.

16
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” viii, 6–22, 209, 225–26.

17
Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History
, 4th ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921), xxxiii. Grant’s title page listed his scholarly bona fides: Chairman, New York Zoological Society, Trustee, National Museum of National History, Councilor, National Geographic Society. Grant’s editor at Scribner’s was Maxwell Perkins, the legendary editor of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and Thomas Wolfe. In 1926 Scribner’s published Hemingway’s novella quoting Grant’s work in the title:
The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race
. See Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 334–35.

18
Madison Grant, “Discussion of Article on Democracy and Heredity,”
Journal of Heredity
10, no. 4 (April 1919): 165.

19
Spiro, “Patrician Racist,” 325.

20
Grant,
Passing of the Great Race
(1921), 54.