The History of White People (57 page)

12
Journals
, vol. 14,
1854–1861
, ed. Susan Sutton Smith and Harrison Hayford (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), 171.

13
Journal AB (1847), pp. 105–7, and Journal GH (1847), p. 3,
Journals
, vol. 10,
1847–1848
, ed. Merton M. Sealts Jr. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), 44–45, 131.

14
Philip L. Nicoloff finds Emerson’s instances of racial thought “almost countless.” See
Emerson on Race and History: An Examination of
English Traits (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 120. Lawrence Buell,
Emerson
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 248, adds that Emerson “never ceased to harbor racist views of Anglo-Saxon superiority.”

15
For a thoughtful analysis of “Fate” in
The Conduct of Life
, see Eduardo Cadava, “The Guano of History,” in
Of Mourning and Politics
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming), and Eduardo Cadava,
Emerson and the Climates of History
(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997). Cadava’s and my use of “Fate” differs from that of Phyllis Cole from a generation ago in “Emerson, England, and Fate,” in
Emerson: Prophecy, Metamorphosis, and Influence: Selected Papers from the English Institute
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1975), 83–105.

16
Journal CO, 1851, pp. 28–29, in
Journals
, vol. 11,
1848–1851
: 376.

CHAPTER 13: THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1
Henry S. Patterson, “Memoir of the Life and Scientific Labors of Samuel George Morton,” in
Types of Mankind, or Ethnological Researches, Based upon the Ancient Monuments, Paintings, Sculptures, and Crania of Races, and upon Their Natural, Geographical, Philological, and Biblical History: Illustrated by Selections from the Inedited Papers of Samuel George Morton, M.D. (Late President of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia) and by Additional Contributions from Prof. L. Agassiz, LL.D.; W. Usher, M.DD; and Prof. H. S. Patterson, M.D. by N. C. Nott, M.D., and Geo. R. Gliddon
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1857), xxx.

2
Paul A. Erikson, “Morton, Samuel George (1799–1851),” in
History of Physical Anthropology
, vol. 1, ed. Frank Spencer (New York: Garland, 1997), 65–66.

3
Samuel George Morton,
Crania Ægyptiaca, or Observations on Egyptian Ethnography, Derived from Anatomy, History and the Monuments
(Philadelphia: John Penington, 1844), 3–4, 46.

4
Ibid., 65–66; Patterson, “Memoir of Samuel George Morton,” xxxvii, xlii.

5
Quoted in Karen E. Fields, “Witchcraft and Racecraft: Invisible Ontology in Its Sensible Manifestations,” in
Witchcraft Dialogues: Anthropological and Philosophical Exchanges
, ed. George Clement Bond and Diane M. Ciekawy (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2001), 304; Max Weber, “The Religion of Non-Privileged Strata,” in
Economy and Society
, ed. Geunther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 490–91.

6
See the controversy as related in
Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris
(1861): 176, 184–88, 259, 274. The notes to this discussion cite Morton, Nott, Gliddon, and Morton’s biographer J. Aitken Meigs.

7
See Reginald Horsman,
Josiah Nott of Mobile: Southerner, Physician, and Racial Theorist
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 113–18.

8
Ibid., 206.

9
Arthur de Gobineau,
The Inequality of Human Races
, trans. Adrian Collins, preface by George L. Mosse (New York: Howard Fertig, 1999), xii. See also Stephen Jay Gould, “Ghosts of Bell Curves Past,”
Natural History
104, no. 2 (Feb. 1995): 12–19.

10
“Jones, Sir William,”
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
. 1 Oct. 2007, http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9043950.

11
Tocqueville to Gobineau, Saint-Cyr, 20 Dec. 1853, in Alexis de Tocqueville,
“The European Revolution” and Correspondence with Gobineau
, ed. and trans. John Lukacs (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1959), 231–33. See also Tocqueville to Gobineau, Paris, 15 May 1852, ibid., 221–23.

12
Robert J. C. Young,
Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race
(London: Routledge, 1995), 130–35. On Henry Hotze, see Robert E. Bonner, “Slavery, Confederate Diplomacy, and the Racialist Mission of Henry Hotze,”
Civil War History
51, no. 3 (2005): 288–311. See also Horsman,
Josiah Nott
, 205–9.

13
Jean Boissel,
Gobineau: Biographie: Mythes et réalité
(Paris: Berg International, 1993), 129–30.

14
See esp. Arthur de Gobineau,
Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines
, in
Œuvres
, vol. 1, ed. Jean Gaulmer and Jean Boissel (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), 243, 275, 285–86, 344, 773, 922, 923, 978.

15
The Cornell University Library’s electronic texts: http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DABK9283-0007%26byte%3D145175765&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fputn%2Fputn0007%2F&tif=00007.TIF&pagenum=102.

16
In
American Journal of the Medical Sciences
6 (1843): 252–56.

17
J. C. Nott, “Postscriptum,”
Types of Mankind
, xiii.

18
Paul A. Erickson, “American School of Anthropology,” in
History of Physical Anthropology
, vol. 2, ed. Frank Spencer (New York: Garland, 1997), 690.

CHAPTER 14: THE SECOND ENLARGEMENT OF AMERICAN WHITENESS

1
Geoffrey C. Ward,
The Civil War: An Illustrated History
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 50; Ella Lonn,
Foreigners in the Union Army and Navy
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 146–47, 659–61, 666–74.

2
David W. Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 75–76, terms Decoration Day “America’s first multiracial, multiethnic commemoration.”

3
Ibid., 74–75, 276.

4
See Erika Lee, “American Gatekeeping: Race and Immigration Law in the Twentieth Century,” in
Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States
, ed. Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004), 124.

5
Two foundational texts of whiteness studies examine this process. See David R. Roediger,
The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class
(London: Verso, 1991 and 1999), and Noel Ignatiev,
How the Irish Became White
(New York: Routledge, 1995).

6
“Fate,” in
Conduct of Life
,
CWRWE
, vol. 6 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 9.

7
Journal CO, 1851, pp. 102–3, in
Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks of Ralph Waldo Emerson
, vol. 11,
1848–1851
, ed. A. W. Plumstead, William H. Gilman, and Ruth H. Bennett (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), 397–98.

8
Henry Cabot Lodge,
A Short History of the English Colonies in America
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1881), 66, 72, 73.

9
Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Distribution of Ability in the United States,”
Century Magazine
42, n.s. 20 (Sept. 1891): 688–89; Dumas Malone, “The Geography of American Achievement,”
Atlantic
154, no. 6 (Dec. 1934): 669–80; John Hammond Moore, “William Cabell Bruce, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the Distribution of Ability in the United States,”
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
86, no. 3 (July 1978): 355–61.

10
Lodge, “Distribution of Ability,” 693–94.

11
James Phinney Munroe,
A Life of Francis Amasa Walker
(New York: Henry Holt, 1923), 5.

12
Francis Amasa Walker, “Immigration and Degradation,”
Forum
2 (1891): 418–19, 420, 421, 425–26.

13
Francis A. Walker, “Restriction of Immigration,”
Atlantic Monthly
77, no. 464 (June 1896): 829.

CHAPTER 15: WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY AND
THE RACES OF EUROPE

1
Arthur Mann, “Gompers and the Irony of Racism,”
Antioch Review
13, no. 2 (June 1953): 212, incorrectly ascribes the phrase to the longtime head of the American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers. While Gompers (himself an immigrant from England of Jewish background) undeniably made racist comments regarding immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, the quoted phrase comes from a column by the woman suffragist Lydia Kingsmill Commander, “Evil Effects of Immigration,”
American Federationist
(Oct. 1905): 749.