The Defence of the Realm (185 page)

137
 
Annual Register
, 1953,
pp. 125
–
6
.

138
 See below,
p. 480
.

139
 Security Service Archives.

140
 See below,
pp. 479
–
80
.

141
 See below,
pp. 478
–
9
.

Chapter 8: The End of Empire: Part 2

1
 Security Service Archives.

2
 Security Service Archives.

3
 Security Service Archives.

4
 Security Service Archives.

5
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 571
,
579
.

6
 Security Service Archives.

7
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 572
–
3
.

8
 Ibid.,
p. 574
.

9
 Security Service Archives.

10
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
p. 575
.

11
 Security Service Archives.

12
 Horne,
Macmillan
, vol. 2,
p. 100
.

13
 Security Service Archives. Magan's terms of reference, approved 16 Oct. 1958, were as follows: ‘Brigadier Magan is accredited to the Governor of Cyprus under whose authority he will apply himself, in close association with the Cyprus intelligence authorities, especially to those aspects of intelligence best calculated to assist in the capture of Grivas and his principal assistants. The duration of the appointment will not exceed six months.'

14
 Security Service Archives.

15
 Security Service Archives.

16
 The final version of Bill Magan's 57-page personality profile of Grivas, dated 11 March 1959, was ‘written in the last week of EOKA's existence'. Security Service Archives. Sir Hugh Foot wrote after Magan's departure: ‘All of us here were tremendously impressed with the way he tackled the job, spending long hours going over all the documents and all the evidence and gradually piecing together a picture of Grivas and his character and abilities and his weaknesses, and then putting in hand several courses of action . . .' Security Service Archives.

17
 The Colonial Secretary Lennox Boyd (succeeded in 1959 by Iain Macleod), cited by Brendon,
Decline and Fall of the British Empire
,
p. 565
.

18
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 577
–
8
.

19
 Security Service Archives.

20
 Horne,
Macmillan
, vol. 2,
p. 103
.

21
 Security Service Archives.

22
 Security Service Archives.

23
 Security Service Archives.

24
 Security Service Archives.

25
 Security Service Archives.

26
 Edgerton,
Mau Mau
, ch. 7.

27
 Security Service Archives.

28
 Security Service Archives.

29
 Walter Bell, who had served in Nairobi previously as assistant SLO 1949–50 and as SLO in 1950–51, returned to Nairobi as SLO in June 1961.

30
 DG (Hollis), Note, 11 Oct. 1963, enclosed with J. A. Harrison (Security Service) to J. N. A. Armitage-Smith (Colonial Office), 17 Oct. 1963, TNA CO 1035/171, s. 8.

31
 Horne,
Macmillan
, vol. 2,
pp. 389
–
90
.

32
 Security Service Archives.

33
 See above,
p. 454
.

34
 Kellar to W. S. Bates (CAO), 5 Sept. 1962, TNA DO 183/480, no. 1; published in Murphy and Ashton (eds),
Central Africa
, document 331.

35
 Murphy and Ashton (eds),
Central Africa
,
p. 327
.

36
 Security Service Archives.

37
 Security Service Archives.

38
 The SLO in New Delhi had written in 1959 that he was ‘quite closely integrated in the Political Division of the High Commission. This seems to me a sound development for which we should perhaps strive in the younger commonwealth countries . . .' Security Service Archives.

39
 Security Service Archives.

40
 Security Service Archives.

41
 Security Service Archives.

42
 Security Service Archives. DG (Hollis) to Sir Burke Trend (cabinet secretary), 18 Nov. 1965, TNA CO 1035/187, no serial number.

43
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

44
 Security Service Archives.

45
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 435
,
582 n. 22
. Rooney,
Kwame Nkrumah
,
p. 226
.

46
 Security Service Archives.

47
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
p. 434
.

48
 Ibid.,
pp. 434
–
5
. The text of Nkrumah's letter to Johnson, dated 26 February 1964, is published in Rooney,
Kwame Nkrumah
,
pp. 243
–
5
.

49
 Security Service Archives. Hollis replied that he regretted that he could not extend Thomson's tour of duty. Security Service Archives. Smedley wrote to Hollis after Thomson's departure: ‘John Thomson's contribution to this post has gone well beyond his work as Security Liaison Officer. His sincerity of heart and purpose and genuine liking for Ghanaians have brought him a host of friends outside his official contacts, while his knowledge of Ghana going back many years has been of great value to me and my staff here.' Security Service Archives.

50
 Security Service Archives.

51
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

52
 Security Service Archives.

53
 Security Service Archives.

54
 Security Service Archives.

55
 Security Service Archives.

56
 Security Service Archives.

57
 Security Service Archives.

58
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer. The SLO later commented that, but for the Civil War, his role would have been much less important.

59
 Christopher Andrew, interview with former deputy head of Kenyan Special Branch in Sydney, NSW, 1987.

60
 Security Service Archives.

61
 Security Service Archives.

62
 Percox,
Britain, Kenya and the Cold War
,
pp. 171
–
2
. Edgerton,
Mau Mau
,
pp. 227
–
8
. KGB active measures sought to portray Kenyatta as in the pay of the CIA. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 441
,
584 n. 55
.

63
 The main training courses then run by the Security Service were for police and administrative personnel in colonies on the verge of independence and other parts of the Commonwealth, rather than for its own staff; see above,
p. 334
.

64
 Security Service Archives.

65
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

66
 Security Service Archives.

67
 Macmillan memorandum, 28 June 1958, TNA PREM 11/2616/46. Walker,
Aden Emergency
,
p. 22
.

68
 Of the four states of the East Aden Protectorate, consumed by rivalries with each other, only one joined the Federation. Walker,
Aden Emergency
,
pp. 21
–
6
,
35
–
6
.

69
 Ibid.,
pp. 25
–
6
,
71
–
3
,
78
–
9
.

70
 Ibid.,
p. 88
.

71
 Trevaskis to Sandys, 18 Dec. 1963, IOR R/20/D/27; Trevaskis to Sandys, 31 March 1964, Appendix 5, Trevaskis papers, part 1, Rhodes House Library, University of Oxford (documents cited by Mawby,
British Policy in Aden and the Protectorates
,
p. 99
).

72
 Security Service Archives.

73
 Security Service Archives.

74
 Security Service Archives.

75
 Security Service Archives.

76
 Security Service Archives.

77
 Security Service Archives.

78
 Interim Report by Chairman of JIC Working Party, ‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden', Annex to JIC/1061/65, TNA CO 1035/184.

79
 ‘Intelligence Organisation in Aden', 17 Dec. 1965, JIC(IAF)(65)3, TNA CO 1035/184.

80
 Security Service Archives.

81
 Security Service Archives. Service pressure succeeded in 1967 in securing the withdrawal of an Intelligence Corps manual on interrogation which it considered ‘ethically untenable'. Security Service Archives.

82
 Walker,
Aden Emergency
,
p. 278
.

83
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

84
 Security Service Archives. It was also suggested that the NLF had kidnapped the mother of the ‘houseboy' of a British diplomatic couple in Aden and pressured him into planting the bomb by threatening to kill her if he refused. Walker,
Aden Emergency
,
p. 221
.

85
 Crossman,
Diaries of a Cabinet Minister
, vol. 2, 5 Sept., 30 Oct. 1967.

86
 See above,
pp. 460
–
61
.

87
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

88
 Security Service Archives.

89
 Security Service Archives.

90
 Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
,
p. 192
. Almost certainly with Kennedy's approval, the CIA was pursuing a number of inept attempts to bring about Castro's assassination. Andrew,
For the President's Eyes Only
,
pp. 274
–
6
,
303
–
6
.

91
 
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS)
, 1961–63, vol. XII,
pp. 544
–
5
.

92
 Macmillan, minute on Rusk to Home, 19 Feb. 1962, TNA PREM 11/3666; Home to Rusk, 26 Feb. 1962, TNA PREM 11/3666; Drayton, ‘Anglo-American “Liberal” Imperialism',
pp. 334
–
5
.

93
 Drayton, ‘Anglo-American “Liberal” Imperialism',
p. 338
.

94
 Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
,
p. 192
.
FRUS
, 1964–1968, vol. XXXII, editorial note.

95
 Security Service Archives.

96
 Security Service Archives.

97
 Security Service Archives.

98
 Security Service Archives.

99
 Daniels and Waters, ‘The World's Longest General Strike'.

100
 US consul in Georgetown to Dean Rusk, 8 May 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.

101
 Dean Rusk circular, 10 Oct. 1961, John F.Kennedy Presidential Library; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.

102
 US consul in Georgetown to Dean Rusk, 1 May 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.

103
 ‘Extract from SLO's Trinidad letter of 20.8.63', TNA CO 1036/173, s. 1/1. Cf. ‘SLO's visit to British Guiana 11th–15th May, 1964', TNA CO 1036/173, s. 6/6.

104
 Security Service Archives.

105
 Security Service Archives.

106
 Security Service Archives.

107
 Drayton, ‘Anglo-American “Liberal” Imperialism',
p. 337
. Jagan, by then an advocate of a mixed economy, returned to power in 1992.

108
 ‘Cheddi Berret Jagan',
Oxford DNB
. On Castro's response to the crushing of the Prague Spring, see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 53
–
5
.

109
 Director E noted in 1971 that the cabinet secretary, Sir Burke Trend, had made clear there was ‘little if any possibility of MI5 representation [SLO positions] being restored whatever the circumstances. The policy henceforth was for MI6, where necessary, to represent both Services overseas, leaving MI5 to concentrate on the security of the home base. Once out of an overseas post, MI5 would not be given the money to get back. The heat was now on MI5 to liquidate its SLO posts in favour of MI6. Financial pressure would continue to be applied to this end.' Security Service Archives.

110
 Security Service Archives.

111
 The DIB listed among the assistance it had received from the Security Service: training courses; special (i.e. technical) equipment; general security advice (e.g. on counter-sabotage); counter-espionage and intelligence; vetting inquiries and activities of Indians in the UK. Security Service Archives.