The Defence of the Realm (184 page)

44
 Guy Liddell diary, 18 Nov. 1947, Security Service Archives.

45
 Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Wars
,
pp. 427
–
8
. Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 496
–
7

46
 Chin Peng,
My Side of History
,
pp. 212
–
14
. Roskams, ‘British Intelligence, Imperial Defence and the Early Cold War in the Far East',
pp. 70
–
71
.

47
 On his earlier career in the Middle East, see above,
pp. 352
–
3
.

48
 Security Service Archives.

49
 Blake,
View from Within
,
p. 89
. Roskams, ‘British Intelligence, Imperial Defence and the Early Cold War in the Far East',
pp. 69
–
70
.

50
 This replacement of MSS had also been proposed in a report by Colonel Gray, who had been sent out from London to conduct an inquiry and later became commissioner of police in the Malayan Union. Security Service Archives.

51
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 496
–
501
.

52
 Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Wars
,
pp. 523
–
4
. Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
pp. 502
–
3
.

53
 Hennessy,
Having It So Good
,
p. 304
.

54
 Chin Peng,
My Side of History
,
pp. 268
–
9
.

55
 Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Wars
,
p. 524
.

56
 Smith, ‘General Templer and Counter-Insurgency in Malaya'. Miller,
Jungle War in Malaya
, chs 8, 9. Smith provides a balanced assessment of conflicting accounts of Templer's contribution to victory.

57
 Security Service Archives.

58
 White's minute to Sillitoe turning down his appointment as director of intelligence in Malaya did not, understandably, mention his ambition to succeed him as DG. He gave three reasons. He considered his present post in MI5 to be more important; he wished to be on the MI5 Board of Directors when the new DG was appointed; and, for domestic reasons, he did not wish to accept a foreign posting. Dick White, Security Service Archives.

59
 Security Service Archives.

60
 Templer wrote in a letter of thanks on Morton's departure: ‘You must . . . know how much I personally shall miss you. I used so very much to enjoy our talks together.' Morton's Indian memoirs in Security Service Archives.

61
 Smith, ‘General Templer and Counter-Insurgency in Malaya'. Miller,
Jungle War in Malaya
, chs 8, 9.

62
 Chin Peng,
My Side of History
,
pp. 324
–
6
.

63
 Security Service Archives.

64
 Security Service Archives. Morton's successor as director of intelligence, Arthur Martin, was less successful and caused such ructions by his attempts to reorganize the Special Branch that Bill Magan had to be sent out to pour oil on troubled waters. Recollections of former Security Service officers.

65
 Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Wars
,
pp. 496
,
524
.

66
 See above,
pp. 251
–
2
.

67
 ‘Interrogation. Notes on the Administrative, Technical and Physical Problems involved in the running of an Interrogation Centre', March 1961. Earlier, undated lecture notes reach the same conclusion, for example:

Physical violence or mental torture – apart from moral and legal considerations – opposed to – shortsighted – like wilfully damaging engine of car wanted for long journey – under violence anyone will talk – you may get a confession to prevent torture but it will not be the truth – Intelligence gained usually useless.

68
 Security Service Archives.

69
 Comber, ‘The Malayan Special Branch on the Malayan–Thai Frontier during the Malayan Emergency',
pp. 88
–
94
.

70
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.

71
 Comber, ‘The Malayan Special Branch on the Malayan–Thai Frontier during the Malayan Emergency',
pp. 88
–
94
. The Emergency continued, informally, until well into the 1960s in the form of the ‘Confrontation' in Borneo. At the height of the ‘Confrontation', the Security Service had SLOs and supporting staff in Sarawak and North Borneo, as well as in Malaya, Singapore and on the staff of C-in-C Far East.

72
 Security Service Archives.

73
 Security Service to D. Bates (CO), 31 Oct. 1946; TNA CO 537/3566, s. 2. Security Service to Sir Marston Logan (CO), 3 Dec. 1946, TNA CO 537/3566, s. 6.

74
 Nkrumah,
Autobiography
,
pp. 45
–
6
. On Nkrumah and WANS, see Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
pp. 291
–
2
. The TNA sources in the remainder of this paragraph were first identified by Dr Walton.

75
 B. H. Smith (MI5) to Special Branch, 29 June 1946, TNA KV 2/1847, s. 3a.

76
 Telephone check on CPGB headquarters, 5 June 1947, TNA KV 2/1847, s.
11a.

77
 C4, ‘Note', 1 Nov. 1947, TNA KV 2/1847, s. 28a.

78
 Captain R. W. H. Bellantine to Sir Percy Sillitoe, 16 March, 1948, TNA KV 2/1847; Nkrumah,
Autobiography
,
p. 65
.

79
 On Nkrumah's post-imperial vision of sub-Saharan Africa, see,
inter alia
, his books
I Speak of Freedom
and
Africa Must Unite
.

80
 G. T. D. Patterson (B3C), Minute 50, 1 April 1948, TNA KV 2/1848. M. J. E. Bagot (B1B), Minute 58, 30 April 1948, TNA KV 2/1848.

81
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
p. 426
.

82
 Guy Liddell diary, 20 Dec. 1949, Security Service Archives. There appears to be no surviving written reference to ‘nigger' by any other Security Service officer.

83
 ‘Personality Note', June 1948, TNA KV 2/1847, s. 61b.

84
 R. Stephens to Director General, 17 June 1949, TNA KV 2/1848, s.100a.

85
 Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
pp. 302
–
4
.

86
 Guy Liddell diary, 21 Dec. 1950, Security Service Archives.

87
 TABLE extract, 11 June 1951, TNA KV 2/1848, s. 160b; TABLE extract, 1 July 1951, TNA KV 2/1848, s. 174c; Sir John Shaw, Minute 209, 1 Jan. 1952, TNA KV 2/1850. Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
pp. 300
–
310
.

88
 Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
p. 260
.

89
 Security Service Archives.

90
 Security Service Archives.

91
 Security Service Archives.

92
 Security Service Archives.

93
 Hennessy,
Having It So Good
,
p. 302
.

94
 ‘Record of the Conference of Colonial Commissioners of Police at the Police College, Ryton-on-Dunsmore', April 1951,
p. 24
, TNA CO 885/119.

95
 Lonsdale, ‘Jomo Kenyatta, God, and the Modern World',
pp. 31
–
3
.

96
 DG (Sillitoe), draft letter to Sir Evelyn Baring (marked ‘not despatched'), 9 Jan. 1953, TNA KV 2/2542, s. 374a. A shorter letter making the same point was despatched on 12 January; TNA KV 2/2542, s. 376a.

97
 Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
pp. 319
–
21
.

98
 ‘Visit to England of the General Secretary of the Kikuyu Central Association, Johnstone Kenyatta', Jan. 1929–Feb. 1930, TNA CO 533/384/9. ‘Johnstone Kenyatta', 11 Nov. 1931, TNA KV 2/1787, s. 2a.

99
 Superintendent E. Parker, ‘Secret Report on Communist Party Activities in Great Britain Among Colonials', 22 April 1930; cited in Howe,
Anticolonialism in British Politics
,
p. 66
.

100
 MI6 to Captain Miller, MI5, 9 July 1930, TNA KV 2/1787, s. 1y.

101
 Suchkov, ‘Dzhomo Keniata v Moskve'. McClellan, ‘Africans and Blacks in the Comintern Schools'. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 4
,
423
–
4
.

102
 MPSB to MI5, 6 Dec. 1933, TNA KV 2/1787, s. 19a.

103
 McClellan, ‘Africans and Blacks in the Comintern Schools'.

104
 Kell to D. C. J. McSweeney (CO), 16 Dec. 1933; Sir Vernon Kell to Commissioner of Police, Kenya, 18 Jan. 1934, TNA KV 2/1787, s. 13a.

105
 Home Office Warrant, 3 Jan. 1934, TNA KV 2/1787, s. 23a; Cross-reference, 18 Jan. 1934; Jane Archer, Minute 60, TNA KV 2/1787, ss. 9, 27a. Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
pp. 311
–
12
.

106
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 4
,
423
–
4
.

107
 O. J. Mason (MI5) to J. D. Bates (CO), 29 Dec. 1945, TNA KV 2/1788, s. 248a.

108
 B. M. de Quehen, SLO Central Africa, to DG, 23 July 1951, TNA KV 2/1788, s. 333b; cited by Walton, ‘British Intelligence and Threats to National Security',
p. 316
. For corroboration of this report, see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 504
–
5
n. 8.

109
 DG (Sillitoe), draft letter to Sir Evelyn Baring (marked ‘not despatched'), 9 Jan. 1953, TNA KV 2/2542, s. 374a. A shorter letter making the same point was despatched on 12 January; TNA KV 2/2542, s. 376a.

110
 Security Service Archives.

111
 Berman, ‘Nationalism, Ethnicity and Modernity'.

112
 Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
,
pp. 59
–
60
. Lonsdale, ‘Authority, Gender and Violence',
pp. 59
–
60
.

113
 C. R. Major (SLO East Africa), to DG, 17 Nov. 1952, TNA KV 2/1788, s. 357c.

114
 SLO East Africa Quarterly Review, 20 Oct. 1952, TNA KV 2/1788, s. 357b; Lonsdale, ‘Kenyatta's Trials'.

115
 Lonsdale, ‘Kenyatta's Trials'. Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
,
pp. 62
–
8
.

116
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer. Broadbent was SLO in Kenya from February 1953 to July 1954, and in East Africa from July 1954 to May 1957.

117
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

118
 Recollections of former Security Service officers. Prendergast went on to become chief of intelligence in Cyprus (1958–60), director of Special Branch in Hong Kong (1960–66), and director of intelligence in Aden (1966–7).

119
 Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
, ch. 7. Elkins,
Britain's Gulag
, gives an even bleaker assessment of the horrors of the police state. The accuracy of her account, however, has been challenged by Elstein, ‘The End of the Mau Mau'.

120
 Sir G. Colby to Colonial Secretary, telegram no. 485, 7 Sept. 1953, TNA CO 0115/457, no. 1; published in Murphy and Ashton (eds),
Central Africa
, document 98.

121
 Murphy and Ashton (eds),
Central Africa
,
p. 247
.

122
 Security Service Archives.

123
 Murphy, ‘Creating a Commonwealth Intelligence Culture',
p. 140
. Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
p. 517
.

124
 Security Service Archives.

125
 Security Service Archives.

126
 Security Service Archives.

127
 Security Service Archives.

128
 Security Service Archives. On British Guianan business interests, see Drayton, ‘Anglo-American “Liberal” Imperialism',
pp. 327
–
8
.

129
 Security Service Archives.

130
 Security Service Archives.

131
 Churchill to Lyttelton, 2 May 1953, TNA PREM 11/827; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.

132
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 169
–
70
.

133
 See below,
pp. 478
–
9
.

134
 Cabinet papers (3908), Sept. 1953, PREM 11/827; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.

135
 Security Service Archives.

136
 Churchill to Lyttelton, 27 Sept. 1953; Memo for the Prime Minister, 6 Oct. 1953; Savage to Lyttelton, 7 Oct. 1953; Lyttelton to Savage, 7 Oct. 1953, TNA PREM 11/827; cited by Gallagher, ‘Intelligence and Decolonisation in British Guiana'.