The Defence of the Realm (183 page)

26
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 208
. A4 stopped work at Saturday lunchtime until 1956; see above,
p. 335
.

27
 Aldrich,
Hidden Hand
,
p. 437
.

28
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 208
.

29
 Security Service Archives.

30
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
,
p. 208
.

31
 Ibid.,
p. 209
.

32
 Ibid.

33
 Ibid., ch. 9.

34
 Borovik,
Philby Files
,
p. 294
.

35
 Philby,
My Silent War
,
pp. 168
–
9
.

36
 Security Service Archives.

37
 Security Service Archives.

38
 Philby,
My Silent War
,
p. 169
.

39
 Security Service Archives.

40
 Security Service Archives. VENONA is not mentioned by name; there is re
ferenc
e only to ‘the secret sources which eventually led to the suspicions about Maclean'.

41
 See above,
p. 376
.

42
 Security Service Archives.

43
 Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
,
p. 406
. Modin,
My Five Cambridge Friends
,
pp. 213
–
18
. Modin is apparently unaware that Colville had recorded his 1939 meetings with Cairncross in his diary, and is wrongly sceptical of his ability to identify Cairncross as the author of a note describing one of those meetings, found in Burgess's flat.

44
 Security Service Archives.

45
 In the course of his eventual confession in 1964, Cairncross admitted that he had taken the initiative in arranging an emergency meeting with Modin on 7 April 1952 by making a chalk mark on a pre-arranged ‘signal site'. Security Service Archives.

46
 Security Service Archives.

47
 Modin,
My Five Cambridge Friends
,
pp. 221
–
4
,
229
–
32
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
,
pp. 406
–
7
.

48
 Security Service Archives.

49
 Security Service Archives.

50
 Security Service Archives.

51
 Philby,
My Silent War
,
pp. 151
,
171
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
,
pp. 439
–
40
.

52
 Recollections of a former Security Service officer.

53
 Philby,
My Silent War
, ch. 13.

54
 Security Service Archives.

55
 Security Service Archives.

56
 Security Service Archives.

57
 Knightley,
Philby
,
pp. 192
–
4
. Philby,
My Silent War
, ch. 13.

58
 Security Service Archives.

59
 Philby,
My Silent War
, ch. 13.

60
 Security Service Archives. ‘B% Report' in the intercept indicates that ‘Report' was a likely but not certain decryption; C% indicated a lesser likelihood.

61
 Security Service Archives. The Gouzenko case was also known to a small number of Security Service and Whitehall officials.

62
 Security Service Archives.

63
 Security Service Archives.

64
 Director D, Graham Mitchell, initialled without comment de Wesselow's note of 13 October commenting on the importance of the newly decrypted message, but there is no clear evidence that he saw the note of 18 October which specifically referred to Philby as one of the few possible candidates for STANLEY. Security Service Archives. Included in the case later mounted against Mitchell as a suspected Soviet agent was the unfounded claim that he had ‘suppressed' the VENONA evidence. One paper setting out the case against him claimed that he saw de Wesselow's note of 18 October 1955. However, a marginal annotation to this paper adds, ‘These facts are wrong!' Security Service Archives.

65
 See above,
p. 380
.

66
 Security Service Archives.

67
 Security Service Archives.

68
 Security Service Archives.

69
 Security Service Archives.

70
 Security Service Archives.

71
 Seale and McConville,
Philby
,
p. 226
. Knightley,
Philby
,
pp. 191
–
2
,
203
.

72
 Security Service Archives.

73
 It is uncertain whether Philby realized that Burgess had accompanied Maclean to Moscow at the insistence of the KGB. He later gave a rather embarrassed explanation to Phillip Knightley of his failure to see Burgess in Moscow after his defection in 1963: ‘[The KGB] kept us apart to avoid recriminations. I didn't get to see him before he died. I'm sorry we didn't meet one last time. He'd been a good friend.' (Knightley,
Philby
,
p. 223
.) The implication that the KGB was in some way to blame for Philby's refusal either to see Burgess or to attend his funeral was a misleading attempt by Philby to excuse his own callous behaviour. Maclean, who had never been a close friend of Burgess, gave the oration at his funeral. Philby later had an affair with Melinda Maclean.

74
 Security Service Archives.

75
 Security Service Archives.

76
 Security Service Archives.

77
 See below,
pp. 420
–
21
,
426
.

78
 Wright,
Spycatcher
,
p. 144
.

79
 Furnival Jones noted that ‘although we would have much preferred not to produce such a note for the Home Secretary, the [PUS] Charles Cunningham's advice had been that this was inescapable – the Home Secretary would not forget his request . . .' Security Service Archives.

80
 Security Service Archives.

81
 Rose,
Elusive Rothschild
,
p. 230
.

82
 Borovik,
Philby Files
,
pp. 344
–
5
.

83
 Security Service Archives.

84
 Security Service Archives.

85
 Security Service Archives.

86
 Security Service Archives.

87
 Security Service Archives.

88
 Security Service Archives.

89
 Security Service Archives.

90
 Security Service Archives.

91
 Security Service Archives.

92
 Security Service Archives. In 1972 the URG was absorbed into K3.

93
 A report of 29 August 1974, which shows the continuing influence of Golitsyn's mistaken definition of the Ring of Five, concluded: ‘The fourth may have been Blunt although there
remains some doubt as to whether he was an original member of the Ring.' Security Service Archives.

94
 See above,
p. 380
.

95
 Security Service Archives.

96
 Security Service Archives.

97
 See below,
p. 707
.

Chapter 7: The End of Empire: Part 1

1
 Security Service Archives. The files of SLO reports from New Delhi, as from most of the Empire and Commonwealth, were, alas, later destroyed because of shortage of space in the Security Service Archives. Extracts and copies of individual reports, however, sometimes surface in other files.

2
 Security Service Archives.

3
 Security Service Archives.

4
 Security Service Archives.

5
 Security Service Archives.

6
 See below,
p. 481
.

7
 Security Service Archives.

8
 Guy Liddell diary, 31 May, 22 July 1949, Security Service Archives.

9
 TNA KV 2/2509.

10
 Guy Liddell diary, 22 July 1949, Security Service Archives.

11
 Ibid., 6 Oct. 1949.

12
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 314
–
15
,
561 n. 20
.

13
 Security Service Archives.

14
 Murphy, ‘Creating a Commonwealth Intelligence Culture',
p. 142
. On the first Commonwealth Security Conference, see above,
pp. 371
–
2
.

15
 ‘Sir Percy Sillitoe's Visit to South Africa', 14 Nov. 1949, TNA PREM 8/1283; cited by Chavkin, ‘British Intelligence and the Zionist, South African and Australian Communities'.

16
 Sillitoe to SLO Central Africa, 20 Dec. 1951, TNA KV 2/2053, s. 148a; cited by Chavkin, ‘British Intelligence and the Zionist, South African and Australian Communities'.

17
 De Quehen to DG, 31 Dec. 1951, TNA KV 2/2053, s. 152a; cited by Chavkin, ‘British Intelligence and the Zionist, South African and Australian Communities'.

18
 Security Service Archives.

19
 Security Service Archives.

20
 Security Service Archives.

21
 Security Service Archives.

22
 Security Service Archives.

23
 Security Service Archives.

24
 Security Service Archives.

25
 Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 323
,
330
.

26
 Security Service Archives.

27
 Security Service Archives.

28
 Security Service Archives.

29
 Security Service Archives.

30
 On KGB operations in India, see Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
, chs 17, 18.

31
 DG (Hollis) to Sir Burke Trend (cabinet secretary), 18 Nov. 1965, TNA CO 1035/187, no serial number. Freeman was concerned by news that budget cutbacks, imposed by the Treasury, might put the SLO's post at risk. Freeman was himself one of the targets of KGB active measures in India aimed at discrediting US and British policy. Before the 1967 Indian elections a bogus letter from Freeman forged by the KGB, claiming that the CIA was secretly giving vast sums to right-wing parties and politicians, appeared in the press. On this occasion, however, Service A (the KGB active measures department) slipped up. The latter wrongly identified Mr Freeman as
Sir
John Freeman. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive II
,
pp. 317
–
18
.

32
 Rimington,
Open Secret
,
pp. 66
–
7
.

33
 Louis and Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Decolonisation'.

34
 In some posts SLOs/DSOs answered to the heads of SIME and SIFE.

35
 A rare exception to the goodwill usually engendered by Sillitoe's imperial tours was a bad-tempered clash in 1948 with the head of the Malayan Security Service from which he eventually emerged victorious. See below,
p. 448
.

36
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.

37
 Security Service Archives.

38
 Recollections of former Security Service officers.

39
 On 28 October 1953 White wrote to Shaw: ‘Now that my plans for the reorganisation of the office have come into effect, the Overseas Division of which you were the Director no longer exists. For the time being you have accepted the special responsibility for seeing that the new organisation is properly geared to the requirements of our overseas representatives. I feel, however, that the job of Director of Overseas Service is bound to suffer a gradual run-down as the new organisation finds its feet and, in the circumstances, have suggested, and you have agreed, that the date of your retirement should be fixed for the end of the year, 31 December 1953.' Security Service Archives.

40
 Darwin,
Britain and Decolonisation
,
p. 167
.

41
 Chin Peng,
My Side of History
,
pp. 171
–
90
. Much about Lai Teck's career remains mysterious; Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Wars
,
p. 350
.

42
 SIFE, which was responsible for ‘the collation and dissemination of security intelligence affecting British territories in the Far East', was established in 1946 at the request of the Chiefs of Staff, prompted by a Mountbatten memo. Soon after its establishment, about twenty-five of its staff of sixty-five came from the Security Service (among them SIFE's head). Information from a former Security Service officer.

43
 Security Service Archives. On SIFE see the pioneering MPhil thesis by Samuel Roskams, ‘British Intelligence, Imperial Defence and the Early Cold War in the Far East'.