Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (140 page)

Homo sapiens sapiens
versus
computers,
24–25

homosexual marriage
, impact on concept of
marriage
,
53

hub
concept: as broadened from
wheel center
to
central airport
,
76
,
84
; internal structure of,
51–54
; picture of,
51

human minds
versus
computers,
24–25

humor, in Copycat domain,
358
,
360
,
366

hump
, evolution of the concept in a child’s mind,
198–200

Hunting Mister Heartbreak
(Raban),
284

Hurricane Helene/lady-with-suitcase analogy,
284–286

Hussein/Hitler analogy,
135

hybrid phrases,
see
lexical blends

hyphenated, spaced, and welded compound words,
88

—I—

i
(square root of –1),
445
; generalized,
448

“I am like you” analogy, pervasiveness of,
156

Icelandic reminding episode,
181–182

idea choice, constrained by conversation,
26

ideal gas: defined,
457
; energy spectrum of,
457
,
458

ideal gas/black body
analogy: found by Wilhelm Wien,
458
; refound by Einstein,
457–459
,
463

ideal gas/Brownian motion
analogy,
458

ideal gas/pool table
explanatory analogy,
135
,
457–458

identity: confusion of two people’s,
224–225
; intrinsic and permanent,
190
,
435

idiomatic phrases in American English, list of,
95

idioms: in language A with no counterpart in language B,
119–121
; meaning not deducible from constituent words,
96–98

iggfruders
versus
snuoiqers,
11

ignoring the surface level of word problems, difficulty of,
427–428

illusion: that category labels are mechanically retrieved,
450
,
513–514
; that category labels are objective,
522–526
; that category labels are precise,
59–61
; that category labels are unique,
58
,
190
,
192
,
465–466
; that category membership is black-and-white,
14
; that concepts provided by one’s native language are monolithic,
82–83
; that one’s native-language categories cut nature at the joints,
14

image-based search process,
172

imaginary numbers, gradual acceptance of,
442–443

“I’m going to pay for my beer” me-too analogy,
143–144

immaterial objects, interacting with,
252–253

impasse: caused by overhasty categorization,
258
; escape from,
248–252
,
255–256
,
292–292
; pinpointing the source of, as crucial in creativity,
256

impoverishment: of overly abstracted concepts,
107–108
,
166
,
204
; possible utility of,
250

“in”: broken into two concepts by the French language,
78
,
80
; used zeugmatically,
6
,
7–8

incoherent analogies in Copycat and in real life,
357–358
;
see also
dizziness

index fnger/fourth finger
analogy,
464

Indianapolis hospital/Verona hospital analogy,
312

indignation, as frequent cause of caricature analogies,
317
,
321

individuals, categories centered on,
221–227

Indonesian language, concept of
sibling
in,
77

induced structure,
345

induction: as extrapolation via analogy from the past,
307–310
; parameters affecting credibility of,
308

inferences: effects of typicality on,
390–391
; fallacious, due to frame-blending,
361
; flowing from naïve analogies,
386
; mediated by categorization,
20–21
,
225
,
278

infinite-dimensional spaces,
444

inner world of expectations as defining certain categories,
68

insight: incoherently mixed with literal-mindedness,
358
; quartet of, found successively and exploited together,
357
; thanks to caricature analogies,
326–330

in
-situations, subtlety of,
7–8

instant pinpointing of timeless essences,
173–174

intelligence: and analogy-making,
126
; as a function of the number of concepts one has,
128
; list of various definitions of,
125
; nature of,
124–126
; as the pinpointing of essence,
125–126
,
128–131
; possibly rising steadily over time,
130
; tests, as the prime venue of analogy-making,
16

intelligent ignoring and forgetfulness,
426–427

intension
versus
extension of a category,
55
,
244

intensity of emotion as a function of strength of analogical
mapping onto another person,
155

interfaces, profiting from naïve analogies,
400

interjections as categories,
46

interplanetary bumblebee,
see
buzzing interplanetary bumblebee

intuition, alleged irrationality of,
392
,
501

“
in
vite”/”
ac
cept” caricature analogy,
319
,
380

IQ scores and IQ tests,
see
intelligence

irony, as key in encoding of
Danny at the Grand Canyon
,
161

irresistible analogies,
104
,
155
,
157
,
297
,
305–313

irresistible force meeting immovable object
category,
326

Isis,
38

isomorphic word problems perceived differently,
429–434

Italian language: compound words in,
89
; greetings in,
45–46
; names of pasta types in,
243–244
; zeugmas in,
8
,
11

italics as a convention for concepts,
34
,
110

—J—

Jan, allegory of,
476
,
481
,
485

jargon, made mostly of everyday words,
394–400

javelin caricature of coffee-stirring sticks,
317
,
321–322

Jeanine/Ruth analogical conflation,
225

Jeff, pluralization of,
223

Jewish mother
category,
93–94

jiggles, ripples, rumbles, tumbles,
475

Joane (who said “Come on!”),
39
,
41
,
42

job decision: as frame-blend example,
367
; reached via analogy,
331

Johnson, Mark,
63

Jourdain, Monsieur,
186

juggling, novices’ lack of skill in,
340

Jupiter,
15
; moons of, spotted by Galileo,
43–45

—K—

Kałuża, Henryk,
76

Kant, Immanuel,
21

“Karnak Caps” (Kellie Gutman),
160
,
380–381

Karnak, Temple of,
see
Dick at Karnak

Katy, as spokesperson for the centrality of categorization,
503–529
; mapping herself and fiancé onto couple being married,
514
; poofing into thin air,
529
;
see also
Anna
,
Katyanna

Katyanna,
see
Hofsander
,
Katyanna

Kepler, Johannes,
471
,
500
; of etymology, the,
222

keys, concrete
versus
abstract,
255
,
295

Keysar, Boaz,
228

Kheops, tiny statue of, as giant attraction,
162

Khong, Yuen Foong,
332–337

killing two birds with one pronominal stone,
148

kinetic energy: formula for,
470–471
; lost by flashlight,
470–471

“Kleenex”
versus
“kleenex”,
217–218
,
232

knee/elbow
analogy,
463–465

Knie, Knut von,
463–465

knife, falling, as highly abstract concept,
28–29

“knight” “jumping” on top of “castle”,
366

knots,
N
-dimensional and prime,
449

known: chimera of freeing oneself from the,
313–315
; as constraint biasing perception,
314
; our intimate, ceaseless dependence on
313–315

Korean translators, compared to European translators,
306–307

Koufax, Sandy,
325–326
,
383

Krishnamurti, Jiddu,
313

—L—

labels, linguistic, and categories,
14
,
33–34
,
39–43
,
45–49
,
61–65
,
66–68
,
70–84
,
85–89
,
93–104
,
106–124
,
126–127
,
132–133

laboratory in space: pulled by rocket,
491–492
,
495–496
; released by angel,
493–494

lacunæ in a given language,
12
,
81–83
,
119–122
,
132–133

La Fontaine, Jean de,
112
,
113
; naïve analogy by,
388

Lagrange, Joseph Louis de,
445–446
,
453

Lakoff, George,
63

language
, as an imprecise category,
61

language lacking words for vivid feelings,
133
;
see also
lacunæ

languages spoken, blurriness of number of,
61

Laplace, Pierre Simon de,
453
,
480

latent analogies due to semantic halos,
271
,
273
,
274

legalese, uselessness of, in communication,
144
,
149
,
329–330
,
354

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
443

“lemon”, opacity to a French speaker,
232

length contraction,
468
,
497

Lenni (who said “Gotta nurse the truck!”),
39
,
42
,
43
,
45
; compared with Galileo,
45

Leonardo da Vinci,
351
; of ice cream, the,
222

letting the cat out of the bag
as a category,
96–97

Lewis, Gilbert, coining of the word “photon” by,
462

lexical blends,
259–270
; list of,
260
; multiple sources of,
263–266
; phrases contributing to,
263–270
; rampancy of,
261
; in a single word,
266–267

life, as perceived through a Pac-Man filter,
303–305

life/voyage
analogy,
511

light: bending in gravitational field of the sun,
496
; as corpuscles,
459
,
461–462
; Doppler effect for,
469–471
; as electromagnetic waves,
212–213
,
455
,
459
,
461
; following curved pathway in lab,
496
; generalized to all energy,
473
,
474
; mass of,
472
,
483
; as massless,
472

light quantum: Einstein’s analogical pathway to,
455–459
; named “photon” by G. Lewis,
459
,
462
; scorned by Einstein’s peers,
460–463
; today’s physicists not knowing the story of,
462

light waves/sound waves
analogy,
211–213
,
361
,
470
; see also
sound particles/light particles
analogy

Liljenquist, Katie,
289