Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (137 page)

“delete” key/pencil eraser
analogy,
399

deliberate search as non-recipe for creativity,
251

Dell, Gary,
259

De Morgan, Augustus,
440–441

Denver, as Frontier Airlines hub,
51–52
,
54
; picture of,
51

depth as central to analogy-making, remindings, and memory retrieval,
340–346

Descartes, René,
443

desks
, material
versus
immaterial,
200–204
,
255
,
295
,
395
,
401
; frame blend of,
363

detractors of analogy-making and metaphors,
21–22

diagrams of subtraction wordproblems,
432–434

“dialect with an army”, as definition of
language
,
61

Dick at Karnak,
159–162
,
166
,
380–381
;
see also
Gutman, Richard

“Dick” ⇒ “Richard” translation,
381

dictionary definitions as opposed to concepts,
3–5

dictionary entries cited in text,
201
,
202
,
397
,
403
,
417
,
420

Diderot, Denis,
121

differences between analogy-making and categorization, alleged, 503: all the time
versus
occasional,
505–508
; applying to entities
versus
applying to relations,
517–519
; automatic
versus
voluntary,
513–515
; jumping between levels
versus
making a single-level bridge,
519–522
; objective
versus
subjective,
522–526
; reliable
versus
suspect,
527–529
; routine
versus
creative,
508–510
; seeing disparities as desirable
versus
as undesirable,
515–517
; unconscious
versus
conscious,
510–513

dimensions of space, extended by analogy,
443–444

Dirac, P. A. M.,
453
,
482

dirtiness/badness
analogy,
289–290

disappointment as source of reminding,
169–170

“dis-aster” of sun ceasing to exist,
489–490

discourse flow/savanna chase
analogy,
71

discourse space, patterns and categories in,
69–76

“discoverativity” in mathematics and science,
451

disk ejection, naïve analogy for,
401

disk, rotating, pondered by Einstein,
497–498

distance, semantic: as measured by strength of zeugmaticity,
19
; as revealed by speech errors,
270–278

distant domains, linked by analogies,
16–17

distillation of episodes,
165
,
171–172

distorted recall of math-problem statement,
431

distrusting one’s own analogies,
528

division: as another name for “sharing”,
421
,
426
; easy
versus
hard word problems involving,
422–425
; as a highly abstract mathematical operation,
448–449
; as
measuring
,
420–426
; naïve analogies for relating to,
416–421
,
425–426
; as necessarily making smaller,
416–420
; as possibly making larger,
417
; quotative,
420
; as
sharing
,
419–426
,
514
; of a skyscraper by a floor,
448
; word problems illustrating,
416
,
422–425

dizzy analogies,
358
,
360
,
366

“DNA”
versus
“deoxyribonucleic acid”,
91

dogs: conceptual repertoire of,
178–181
; expert knowledge about,
238–240
; impressive analogies by,
180
; starry sky as seen by,
165
; subcategories of,
240
; unfamiliar, dealt with by analogy,
23
,
508

domain change, in caricature analogies,
321–324
,
326

domestic as opposed to wartime decision-making,
337

domino theory in Vietnam War,
333–335
,
513

Don’t judge a book by its cover
as a category,
102

doors, doorknobs, doorbells, used by analogy,
23
,
507
,
509
,
516

Doppler effect,
469–471

dormitive virtue,
248
,
249

dots seen as moons,
44–45

double letters, subjective amount of salience of,
363–364

double referent of “here”, “there”, “that”,
140–143
,
148–149

Doug/Monica analogy,
169–171
; summarized,
170

down
-ness, as relative notion,
491
,
497

“dressing” of a math problem as channeling its solution pathway,
430
,
434

“dude, one smart”, as indicative of category of speaker,
75

dump:
as example of conceptual extension,
403
; as example of marking,
230–231

Duncker, Karl,
250

Dustbuster: brand name, genericized,
217
; buttons of, analogy between,
169–170

Dustbuster/subscripts
analogy,
169–170
,
174

Duvignau, Karine,
39

dyz
analogy,
see
dizzy analogies

—E—

E
=
mc
²
,
319
,
463
; absent from Einstein’s first relativity article,
468
; becomes famous,
482
; confirmed by particle/antiparticle annhilation experiment,
482
; derived by Einstein,
469–471
; first appearance of, in 1905,
469
,
474
; first meaning of,
471
,
472
; second meaning of,
473–474
; subsequent meanings of,
473
,
482
,
483–485
; summary of Einstein’s mental processes in understanding the meaning of,
483–484

E/hν
(number of blackbody quanta) as analogous to
N
(number of ideal-gas molecules),
459

Earth: mapped onto Jupiter,
44–45
; pluralization of,
44

eating, diverse styles of, and zeugmas,
9–10

eclipse: frame blend used to explain,
367
; as a shadow,
204–205

Eddington, Arthur,
496

Edison/Franklin analogical conflation,
275

education and naïve analogies,
389–394
,
411–434

educational system, failures of,
389
,
391–394
,
410
,
412
,
414–416
,
418
,
421

“ego the size of a Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade balloon”, cultural knowledge required to understand,
128

Ehrenfest, Paul, paradox discovered by,
498

Eiffel Tower, exploited in caricature analogy,
322–323

Einstein, Albert,
109
,
130
,
132
, 361: alleged abandonment of own ideas,
461
; analogies by,
32
,
452–499
; as analogous to Ellen Ellenbogen,
468
; as analogous to Gerhard Gelenk,
468
; attacking fundamental questions,
488
; attracting mosquito,
163
,
165
; belief in thermodynamics as bedrock of physics,
458
;
black body/ideal gas
analogy by,
457–459
,
463
; deep faith in his own analogies,
459–463
; discovering and interpreting
E
=
mc
²
,
463
,
465–485
; discovering equivalence principle,
491–495
; explanation of gravity by,
18
,
489–496
; face of,
183–184
; finding analogy between gravity and Gauss’s geometry,
498
; generalizing via intuition,
473–474
,
477
,
483
,
484
; guided by sense of cosmic unity,
468
,
473–474
,
480
,
481
,
484
,
486
,
495
,
500
,
501
; handing weapons to his critics,
460
; “happiest thought of my life”,
493–494
; inner mental state of,
477–478
,
480–481
,
483–485
,
491
,
495
,
498
; learning to read,
109
; likening gravity to fictitious force,
491–492
; low-level analogies by,
454–455
; magically combining two ideas of Galileo,
492
; making an analogy between analogies,
495
,
502
; misled by his own analogy between gravity and electrostatics,
489–491
; missing the analogy of 3-D space to 4-D space-time,
499
; as “one smart dude”,
75
; Poincaré’s letter of reference for,
501
; pondering a rotating disk,
497–498
; positing two types of mass,
476
; quest for beauty by,
477–478
,
485
,
495
,
500
; rapid essence-spotting by,
454
,
458
,
463
,
486
,
501
; refinding Wien’s analogy,
458
; as salient entity,
320
; sandwich-like name of,
215
; seeing self as donkey,
454
; of sex, the,
222
; stereotype of, as superlogical thinker having no need to seek analogies,
453
,
500
; thought experiments by,
487
,
491–492
,
493–494
,
495–496
; transformed into world figure,
496
; unification as characteristic style of thinking of,
454
,
477
,
485
,
486
,
491
,
500
,
501
; word choices by,
454–455

electric field: due to moving magnet,
493
; oscillating in vacuum,
212–213
; vanishing thanks to shift of reference frame, 493–494 electromagnetic induction,
493

electromagnetic waves,
212–213
,
455–460
,
462
,
469–471
,
483
;
see also
light

electromagnetism, as area of physics,
467–468
,
485

elephant in a store window,
298

elephant in the room
situations,
174
,
514

elevators, use of by analogy,
23

Ellenbogen, Ellen,
463–464

Ellie, frame blend by,
364–366

email address/postal address
naïve analogy,
385–387

embarrassed analogy-making computer blurting out apology,
401

embodiment and analogy-making,
287–289

emergence of a concept’s essence over time,
200–204

Emmas
, category of,
226–227

emotions: key role of in encoding and reminding,
169–171
; powerfully evoked by analogies,
310–312

emperors, as translation of cor(o)nets,
379–380

encoding of experiences: analogies at the very abstract level of,
354
; based on features at surface and deeper levels,
163–166
; constraints on,
171
; in Copycat microdomain,
346–349
,
353–354
; enigma of,
161
,
346
.
348
; errors caused by,
274–275
; implausibility of clairvoyance in,
173–174
,
353–354
; involving local, global, abstract, and emotional aspects,
161–162
,
169–171
,
175
; as opposed to total rote recording,
172
; as unconscious act of selection,
165–166
; at various levels of abstraction,
335

energy: behaving analogously to mass,
472
; behaving analogously to strange mass,
479
,
484
; conservation of,
472
; distinction between two varieties of,
480
; liquid
versus
frozen,
480
; mutating from one form to another,
479
; possessing mass,
471–478
,
482
,
483–484
; potential,
479–480
; silently lurking in normal mass,
482
,
484