Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (136 page)
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Authors: Douglas Hofstadter,Emmanuel Sander
circles, non-Euclidean,
498
circular structures in Copycat domain and in real life,
355
circumference/diameter ratio,
498
; see also
π
cities, blurriness of boundaries of,
62
city
, as metaphor for
concept
,
61–62
,
522
clairvoyance in encoding, chimera of,
173–174
,
353–354
Claro, Francisco and Isabel,
312–313
classical music
, category in the mind of a rock-music lover,
241
classical view of concepts,
13–14
,
54–57
,
435
;
see also
Rosch, Eleanor
classification
versus
categorization,
20
cleanliness/morality
analogy,
289–290
Clement, Catherine,
436
Clément, Évelyne,
295
clocks, blocks, and rocks,
481
clothing
, fringe members of the category of,
528
clouds: covering up details of sabbatical year,
50
; how many in the sky?,
57
coal/diamond
conceptual unification,
454
coattails, conceptual slippages riding on,
276
,
357
cocoons, literal
versus
metaphorical,
64
coffee: drunk with a fork,
325–326
,
383
; marked usages of the concept,
185–186
,
194
,
203
,
230
; stirred with absurdly thin sticks,
317
,
321–322
; three stars awarded for, by Guide Michelin,
462
cognitive (anti-)economy, in memory retrieval,
341–344
cognitive dissonance: as a driving force in creativity,
483
,
484
,
490–491
; reduction of, as a category,
115–117
; situations exemplifying the drive to reduce,
116
;
see also
pressures
Cole, K. C., semantic-proximity error by,
275
colloidal particles/hanging lamps
analogy,
458
Come on!
situations,
42
command languages, as blocks to progress,
252
communism/gravity
analogy,
333–334
commutativity of multiplication,
413–416
comparisons of numbers, as analogies,
153–154
,
281–282
,
285
competition between categories,
260–278
,
281
complex numbers: algebraic completeness of,
445
; discovery and gradual acceptance of,
442–443
; prime numbers generalized to the domain of,
448
compound noun phrase, unparsable,
92
compound words: as names of categories,
86–89
; in other languages,
87
,
89
; as requiring no more cognitive work than simple words,
88
compression of situations to their essences,
see
essence-spotting
compromise, as potential source of quality,
382
Compton, Arthur Holley,
462
,
463
Compton effect, clinching light quanta’s existence,
462
computers: as category-less dunces,
24–25
,
369
,
374
; homey analogies helping people to relate to,
395–400
; as revolutionary development,
394–395
; as source for naïve analogies to understand the physical world,
402–407
concepts: abstract, rooted in concrete experiences,
28–29
,
286–289
,
333–337
; “in the air”, list of,
128–131
; classical view of,
54–57
; contrasted with nested boxes,
52
; contrasted with physical tools,
132
; distance between, imprecision of,
65
; of dogs,
178–181
; extended via analogy-making,
34–38
; halos around,
49–50
; implicit boundaries of,
106–109
; internal structures of,
50–54
; as modified by their “children”,
52–54
; non-monolithic nature of,
3–13
; order of acquisition of,
54
; Platonic, hopefully obeying precise laws,
56
; prototype
versus
exemplar theory of,
57
; typical
versus
atypical,
390–391
; unlabeled,
20
; zooming in on,
50
,
51
;
see also
categories
conceptual blends,
see
frame blends
conceptual broadening,
see
category extension
conceptual distinctions, made by different languages,
8–13
conceptual halo centered on specific event,
148–153
conceptual integration networks,
335
;
see also
frame blends
conceptual leaps at high levels of abstraction,
251
conceptual-proximity slippage errors,
224–225
,
270–278
conceptual reversal, as subtle step,
249
,
356–357
,
482–483
conceptual skeletons: analogies between,
354
; as mediators of remindings,
30
,
143
; multiplicity of, for any situation,
162
; revealed by caricature analogies,
326–330
; verbalized in opaque legalese,
4
,
144
,
149
,
329–330
conceptual slippage,
see
slippages, conceptual
conceptual spaces,
50
; empty beyond a certain point,
119–120
; filled with colored blobs,
78–84
,
119–123
,
132
; rapid-fire maneuvers in,
128
;
see also
semantic space
Concorde on pedestal, ambiguous category membership of,
192
concrete concepts: necessary but not sufficient for clear thinking,
329
,
419
,
424
; underpinning abstract analogies,
28–29
,
286–289
,
333–337
conjunctions, as names of concepts,
55
,
70–75
,
276
Connes, Alain,
509
conservation: of energy,
472
,
479
; of mass,
472
,
475
; of strange mass,
479
constraints as catalyzing creativity,
315
,
380–382
containment
, concept of, in wartime decisions,
333
,
335
contamination: of a date via analogy,
298
; of one side of an analogy by another,
359–367
,
365
; of one’s image of a person by another person,
225
; semantic, of
division
by
sharing
,
426
content words
versus
grammatical devices,
76
continuity
, concept of,
391–393
conversation: as driven by analogies on many levels,
25–27
,
514
; as illusory criterion for
speaking a language
,
61
Copernicus, Nicolas,
44
“copycat”, meaning of the word,
347
Copycat analogies: frame-blending and,
359–360
,
363–364
; involving
aabc
,
363–364
; involving
ace
,
353–354
; involving
dyz
,
357
,
360
; involving iijjkk,
348–350
,
353
,
359–360
; involving
mrrjjj
,
351–353
,
360
; involving
pqrr
,
363–364
; involving
pqrs
,
347
; involving
tky
,
348
; involving
xyz
,
354–358
,
360
,
371
,
477
; literal-mindedness in,
348–349
,
351
,
355
,
357–359
Copycat domain: encodings in,
346–349
,
353–354
; frame-blending in,
358–360
,
363–364
; nature of,
347
copycat killer,
246–247
cork, pushed inwards instead of pulled outwards,
249–250
cornet/Coronet
conflation,
291–292
; translation of, into French,
379–380
correlational structure of the world,
345
cosmic sense of unity, Einsteinian,
468
,
473
,
480
,
481
,
484
,
486
,
501
Coulomb’s law of electrical force,
489
counterfactual scenario implicit in “safe beach”,
362
counting: as an intrinsically imprecise activity,
57
,
61
; used in solving word problems,
see
mental simulation
couple #1/couple #2
analogy,
514
courses on categorization and quotation-mark usage,
60
,
65
,
70
Courteline, Georges,
509
creativity: and category extension,
246–254
; and conceptual slippage,
186–187
; mechanisms of as opposed to recipes for,
251
; not teachable in schools,
248
; and obsessions,
300–301
; stereotype of,
452
; supposed inexplicability of,
501
; would-be recipes for,
248–249
cross-Channel bounces of lexical items,
122–123
crossed wires,
see
errors
,
speech errors
crown/body
analogy by Archimedes,
251
crux,
see
conceptual skeletons
,
essences
cubic equation: analogy to quadratic equation,
438
; broken into 13 types,
439
; requiring imaginary numbers,
442
; search for formula for,
438–439
; unified formula for, thanks to negative numbers,
440
cup recognition as analogy-making,
184
Curie, Marie,
38
curiosity, as evoking caricature analogies,
326–330
curved space-time,
499
“cute cookie, one”,
see
Doris Day
cutting the world at its “natural” joints,
14
,
77
,
522–523
Cyprus/Falkland Islands analogy,
332
—D—
dam harming Nubians, me-too analogy triggered by,
151–152
Danny at the Grand Canyon,
159–167
,
380–381
; as category with highly diverse members,
162–166
;
see also
Hofstadter, Danny
Danny/Dick analogy,
159–167
,
171
,
172–174
Day, Doris,
75
“de”, broken into two concepts by the English language,
78
dead acronyms,
93
dead end,
see
impasse
dean’s dazzling speech error,
261
death: of a friend reminding one of other deaths,
157
; of a loved one, altering perceptions of one’s environs,
300
Debye, Peter,
461
decapitalization following pluralization,
218
decision-making, role of analogies in,
330–337
decoding as translation strategy,
368
,
370
,
373–374
deduction, favored by educators,
393
deep features of situations: invisible to novices,
342
; salient for experts,
342–344
; supposedly missed by people in analogy-making,
337–340
deep
versus
shallow analogies,
337–346
,
351–357
,
375–376
,
454–455
,
517
deepest clues available, as mediating memory retrieval,
343–344
default assumptions, misleading,
290–293
defense mechanisms,
116–117
Degustibus non est disputandum, see
good taste
Delaware of cognition, analogy-making as the,
17