Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (133 page)

————— (1986).
Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Niels Bohr’s Times, in Physics, Philosophy, and Polity.
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Poincaré, Henri (1908).
Science et méthode.
Paris, Flammarion.

————— (1911).
La Valeur de la science.
Paris, Flammarion.

Polya, George (1954).
Induction and Analogy in Mathematics.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.

————— (1954).
How to Solve It.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Pullman, Bernard (1998).
The Atom in the History of Human Thought.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Recorde, Robert (1557).
Whetstone of Witte.
New York: Da Capo Press (reprinted 1969).

Rigden, John S. (2005).
Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Sawyer, Walter W. (1955).
Prelude to Mathematics.
Baltimore: Penguin Books.

Segrè, Emilio (1980).
From X-Rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries.
New York: W. H. Freeman.

————— (1984).
From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves: Classical Physicists and Their Discoveries.
New York: W. H. Freeman.

Stachel, John (2001).
Einstein from ‘B’ to ‘Z’.
Boston: Birkhäuser.

Stachel, John, editor (2005).
Einstein’s Miraculous Year: Five Papers that Changed the Face of Physics
. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Stehle, Philip (1994).
Order, Chaos, Order: The Transition from Classical to Quantum Physics.
New York: Oxford University Press.

Stewart, Ian (2007).
Why Beauty is Truth: A History of Symmetry.
New York: Basic Books.

Stillwell, John (1989).
Mathematics and its History.
New York: Springer.

————— (2001).
The Four Pillars of Geometry.
New York: Springer.

Timmermans, Benoît (2012).
Histoire philosophique de l’algèbre moderne: Les origines de la pensée abstraite.
Paris: Classiques Garnier.

Tomonaga, Sin-itiro (1997).
The Story of Spin.
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Adventures of a Mathematician.
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Théorème vivant.
Paris: Grasset.

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On Aesthetics in Science.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

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Analogies in Physics and Life: A Scientific Autobiography.
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Epidialogue

The contributions by Dietrich, French, Hofstadter, Mitchell, Sander, and Turner deal with the question of how analogy-making and categorizaton are related, and the possibility of finding differences between the two. Fischbein, Oppenheimer, and Polya demonstrate the ubiquity of analogy-making in science. Murphy and Ross’s article is concerned with how and when inferences can be made as a result of categorization, while Anderson and Thomson’s article looks at abstraction hierarchies, and that by Barsalou examines the possible influences of context on categorization.

Anderson, John R. and Ross Thomson (1989). “Use of analogy in a production system architecture”. In Stella Vosniadou and Andrew Ortony (eds.),
Similarity and Analogical Reasoning.
New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 267–297.

Barsalou, Lawrence W. (1982). “Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts”.
Memory and Cognition
, 10, pp. 82–93.

Dietrich, Eric (2010). “Analogical insight: Toward unifying categorization and analogy”.
Cognitive Processing
, 11 (4), pp. 331–345.

Fischbein, Efraim (1987).
Intuition in Science and Mathematics: An Educational Approach.
Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

French, Robert M. (1995).
The Subtlety of Sameness: A Theory and Computer Model of Analogy-Making
. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Gentner, Dedre and Catherine Clement (1988). “Evidence for relational selectivity in the interpretation of analogy and metaphor”. In G. H. Bower (ed.),
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory.
New York: Academic Press, vol. 22, pp. 307–358.

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Cognitive Psychology
, 15, pp. 1–38.

Hofstadter, Douglas (2001). “Analogy as the core of cognition”. In Dedre Gentner, Keith J. Holyoak, and Boicho N. Kokinov (eds.),
The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 499–538.

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Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Mitchell, Melanie (1993).
Analogy-Making as Perception: A Computer Model.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Murphy, Gregory L. and Brian H. Ross (1994). “Prediction from uncertain categorizations”.
Cognitive Psychology
, 27, pp. 148–193.

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American Psychologist
, 11, pp. 127–135.

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Plato’s Phædrus.
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Sander, Emmanuel (2003a). “Les analogies spontanées: analogies ou catégorisations ?” In Charles A. Tijus (ed.),
Métaphores et analogies.
Paris: Hermès, pp. 83–114.

————— (2003b). “Analogie et catégorisation”.
Revue d’intelligence artificielle
, 17 (5–6), pp. 719–732.

Spalding, Thomas and Gregory L. Murphy (1996). “Effects of background knowledge on category construction”.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 22, pp. 525–538.

Thagard, Paul, Keith J. Holyoak, Greg Nelson, and David Gochfeld (1990). “Analog retrieval by constraint satisfaction”.
Artificial Intelligence
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Turner, Mark (1988). “Categories and analogies”. In David H. Helman (ed.),
Analogical Reasoning
. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 3–24.

Wisniewski, Edward J. (1995). “Prior knowledge and functionally relevant features in concept learning”.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 21, pp. 449–468.

—A—

“A”, diversity of members of the category,
4–5
,
57
; picture,
5

“a”: as naming a category,
76
; as vowel recognized in speech without one’s knowing how,
511
,
512

“A rolling stone gathers no moss”, opposite interpretations of,
102

Aaron, Henry,
325–326

abc ⇒ abd, see
Copycat analogies

Abel, Niels Henrik,
446

abstract dog and abstract bite,
104

abstract, grounded in the concrete,
28–29
,
286–289
,
333–337

abstraction: absurd levels of,
107–108
,
166
,
354
,
448–449
; as central to expertise,
245–246
; by children,
38
,
42–43
; defined,
187
; drive towards,
288
; going hand-in-hand with generalization in math,
449
; hierarchies of,
235–246
; as impoverishing and enriching,
250
; as key to encoding,
172
,
174–176
; legitimized by physics,
448
; as luxury add-on to embodied cognition,
288–289
; moving between levels of,
30–31
; nature of,
107
; opaque legalese as bad form of,
see
legalese
; optimal level of,
108
; relentless push towards, in mathematics,
448
; streamlined by preplaced pitons,
131
; techniques for, in mathematics,
449
; unconscious acts of,
150–152
,
165–166
; in word problems in math,
428
;
see also
category extension

accelerating frames of reference,
486
,
488

acceleration: as indistinguishable from gravity,
491–492
,
493–494
,
496
; linear
versus
circular,
497

acronyms,
89–93
; catchiness of,
90
; early examples of,
89–90
; efficiency of,
92
; list of,
90–91

actable-upon objects
, category of,
253

action errors, caused by analogies,
279–280
,
404–407

activated categories seeking instances of themselves,
299

adaptation of word meanings to contexts,
196–198

address
, generalization to virtual world,
385–386
,
395
,
398

ad-hoc categories,
137–138
; in metaphor understanding,
228–229
,
232

adjectives: as labels for the two types of mass,
485
; as names of categories,
272

Æsop,
112
,
115
,
388

affordances, perceptual,
278
,
345
,
450

airlines and airports as parts of
hub
concept,
52

airplanes, undetectabilityof motion of,
466–467

airport scenes: evoking words left and right,
33–34
; evoking memories of analogous scenes,
157–158
; as transculturation of métro scene,
377–379

Alberic of Monte Cassino,
22

Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel
,
473
;
see also
Banesh Hoffmann

Albert’s Auberge, excellent coffee of,
462

algebra of classical categories,
56

Alice in Many Tongues
(Weaver),
369–370
,
372

alignment of two lives on time axis,
433–434

allegory for strange
versus
normal mass,
476

ambiguous category-membership,
59
,
189–192

America/China frame blend,
367–368

amplification, proverbs about,
109

analogic
versus
logic,
258
,
307–310
,
311–312
,
338
,
393
,
410
,
439
,
452
,
453
,
474
,
499–500
,
501
;
see also
esthetics

analogical fabric of thought,
127

analogical reasoning, mistaken for analogy’s essence,
16–17
,
283

analogies: between analogies,
27
,
211–212
,
502
; between random things,
302
; as bridges between mental entities,
181–184
; coercing one’s flow of thought,
257
,
258
,
310–313
,
444
; as cognitive luxuries,
506
; in competition,
260–278
,
333
; conveying truth despite falsity,
366
; to counterfactual situations,
362
; deep
versus
shallow,
337–346
,
351–357
,
375–376
,
454–455
,
517
; as discardable crutches,
392
,
421
; down-to-earth, great utility of,
23
,
507
,
509
,
516
; by Einstein turning out to be eternal truths,
453–454
,
486
; engendered by obsessions,
258
,
299–305
,
524
; extremely bland cases of,
155–156
,
281–284
,
507–509
; failure of one as stepping stone en route to a deeper one,
356–357
,
481
,
490–491
; as fallible and misleading,
22–24
,
435
; formal
versus
physical,
458
; as frilly baubles and bangles,
506
; functional and visual, coordinated,
277–278
; as gems,
16
,
506
; high frequency of,
18
,
507–510
; as icing on cognition’s cake,
506
,
508
; imposing themselves,
29
,
31
,
289–307
,
310–314
; inspired by previous analogies,
211–212
; invading minds willy-nilly,
257
; involving frame-blending,
359–367
; involving grammar patterns,
69–70
; irrepressibility of,
104
,
155
,
157
,
297
,
305–313
,
513–514
; jumping unbidden to mind,
513–514
; latent in semantic halos,
49
,
271
; like asparagus tips,
135
; at the low end of the creativity spectrum,
450
; manipulated by us,
331
,
382–383
,
513
; manipulating our thoughts,
29
,
31
,
315
,
331
,
382–383
,
501
,
514
; as mere sparkle and pizzazz,
506
; as misleading,
21–23
; mundane, by Albert Einstein,
454–455
; nonstop deluge of,
155
; not necessarily a
source of pride,
517
; objectivity of,
181–183
; partially correct and partially wrong,
361
; power of,
331–332
,
444
; pressures pushing for,
300–301
,
355–356
,
458
; purposeless,
258
,
281–286
; rarity of,
506
; seen as analogous to wild horses,
392
; as sources of speech and action errors,
259–280
; spicy one-line examples, list of,
136
; stereotypes of,
135–136
,
392
,
486
; strength of, as reflecting number of resemblances,
516
; as strokes of genius,
16–17
; superficial, in machine translation,
373
,
375
; taboo cases of,
104
; as training wheels,
392
; trivial and meaningless, ceaseless production of,
282
,
284–286
; unconscious,
259–281
,
282
,
285–286
,
383
,
386
,
390
,
403–407
,
514
; as uninvited guests,
31
,
257
; used in thermodynamics but not in electrodynamics,
337
;
versus
frame blends,
363–364
,
366–367
; visual and sensory,
277–278
,
286–289
; wild and implausible, as hypothetical crux of creativity,
452