Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (129 page)

————— (1978). “Principles of categorization”. In Eleanor Rosch and Barbara Lloyd (eds.),
Cognition and Categorization.
Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 27–48.

Rosch, Eleanor and Carolyn B. Mervis (1975). “Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories”.
Cognitive Psychology
, 7, pp. 573–605.

Rosch, Eleanor, Carolyn B. Mervis, Wayne D. Gray, David M. Johnson, and Penny Boyes Braem (1976). “Basic objects in natural categories”.
Cognitive Psychology
, 8, pp. 382–439.

Ross, James F. (1981).
Portraying Analogy.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, Edward E. and Douglas L. Medin (1981).
Categories and Concepts.
Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Smoke, Kenneth Ludwig (1932). “An objective study of concept formation”.
Psychological Monographs
, XLII (191), pp. 1–46.

Stevens, Wallace (1923).
Harmonium.
New York: Alfred E. Knopf.

Turner, Mark (1987).
Death is the Mother of Beauty: Mind, Metaphor, Criticism.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953).
Philosophical Investigations.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Woo-Kyoung, Ahn, Robert L. Goldstone, Bradley C. Love, Arthur B. Markman and Phillip Wolff (2005).
Categorization Inside and Outside the Laboratory: Essays in Honor of Douglas L. Medin
. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

The books by Aitchison, Braitenberg, Itkonen, Malt and Wolff, and Pinker, as well as the article by Gentner and that by Hofstadter, are relevant to the chapter as a whole. The humorous volumes by Chiflet and Whistle (actually just one person), as well as the books by Glucksberg and by Langlotz, deal with idiomatic expressions; Brézin-Rossignol, Schank, and Visetti consider the categories of proverbs and fables, while Benserade, La Fontaine, Morvan de Bellegarde and Phædrus are relevant to our section on Æsop’s fable “The Fox and the Grapes”.
Festinger’s book is a classic on cognitive dissonance. The books by Carroll and by Sapir deal with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, and the volume by Atran and Medin covers the way that culture channels human language and thought. Finally, the books by Flynn and by Sternberg tackle the topic of intelligence.

Aitchison, Jean (1994).
Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon
(second edition). Oxford: U.K.: Blackwell Publishers.

Anderson, Poul (1989). “Uncleftish Beholding”.
Analog Science Fiction
, 109 (13), pp. 132–135.

Atran, Scott and Douglas L. Medin (2008).
The Native Mind and the Cultural Construction of Nature
. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Benserade, Isaac de (1678).
Fables d’Ésope en quatrains dont il y en a une partie au labyrinte de Versailles
. Paris: Sébastien Mabre-Cramoisy.

Braitenberg, Valentino (1996).
Il gusto della lingua: Meccanismi cerebrali e strutture grammaticali
. Merano, Italy: Alpha&Beta.

Brézin-Rossignol, Monique (2008).
Dictionnaire de proverbes
(second edition). Paris: La Maison du dictionnaire.

Carroll, John B., editor (1956).
Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf
. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Chiflet, Jean-Loup (1994).
Sky! My Husband.
Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

Dieudonné, Jean, Maurice Loi, and René Thom (1982).
Penser les mathématiques. Séminaire de philosophie et mathématiques de l’École normale supérieure.
Paris: Éditions du Seuil.

Festinger, Leon (1957).
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Flynn, James R. (1987). “Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure”.
Psychological Bulletin
, 101, pp. 171–191.

————— (2009).
What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gentner, Dedre (2003). “Why we’re so smart”. In Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow (eds.),
Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought
, pp. 195–235, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Glucksberg, Sam (2001).
Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms.
New York: Oxford University Press.

Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1995). “Speechstuff and Thoughtstuff: Musings on the Resonances Created by Words and Phrases via the Subliminal Perception of their Buried Parts”. In Sture Allén (ed.),
Of Thoughts and Words: The Relation between Language and Mind
(Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 92). London: Imperial College Press.

————— (1997).
Le Ton beau de Marot: In Praise of the Music of Language.
New York: Basic Books.

Itkonen, Esa (2005).
Analogy as Structure and Process.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

La Fontaine, Jean de (1668).
Fables choisies mises en vers.
Paris: Barbin et Thierry.

Langlotz, Andreas (2006).
Idiomatic Creativity: A Cognitive-Linguistic Model of Idiom-Representation and Idiom-Variation in English.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Malt, Barbara and Phillip Wolff (2010).
Words and the Mind: How Words Capture Human Experience
. New York: Oxford University Press.

Morvan de Bellegarde, Jean-Baptiste (1802).
Les Cinq Fabulistes ou les Trois Cents Fables d’Ésope, de Lockmann, de Philelphe, de Gabrias et d’Avienus.
Paris: Poncelin.

Phædrus (1864).
Fables de Phèdre
, translated by M. E. Panckoucke. Paris: Garnier Frères.

Pinker, Steven (2007).
The Stuff of Thought: Langage as a Window into Human Nature.
New York: Viking.

Sapir, Edward (1921).
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech.
New York: Harcourt, Brace.

Schank, Roger C. (1982).
Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

————— (1999).
Dynamic Memory Revisited.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sternberg, Robert J. (1994).
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New York: Macmillan.

Visetti, Yves-Marie and Pierre Cadiot (2006).
Motifs et proverbes. Essai de sémantique proverbiale
. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.

Whistle, John Wolf (2000).
Sky! Mortimer!
Paris: Mots et compagnie.

The studies by Barsalou explain and explore the notion of ad hoc categories. Schank’s books deal with reminding and the mechanisms responsible for it. The article by Bower deals with the centrality of emotions in reminding, while Kanerva’s book and the articles by Foundalis, by Gentner and her colleagues, by Kahneman and Miller, and by Thagard, Holyoak, Nelson, and Koh concern the mechanisms underlying memory retrieval. The books by Csányi and Horowitz describe the mental life of dogs and the nature of canine categories. The monographs by French and by Mitchell, along with the chapter by Hofstadter and Mitchell, are relevant to our sections on “me too” analogies.

Barsalou, Lawrence W. (1983). “Ad hoc categories”.
Memory and Cognition
, 11, pp. 211–227.

————— (1991). “Deriving categories to achieve goals”. In Gordon H. Bower (ed.),
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation.
New York: Academic Press, 27, pp. 1–64.

Bower, Gordon H. (1981). “Mood and memory”.
American Psychologist
, 36 (2), pp. 129–148.

Csányi, Vilmos (2005).
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San Francisco: North Point.

Foundalis, Harry (2013). “Unification of clustering, concept formation, categorization, and analogy-making”. Technical Report, Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition, Indiana University, Bloomington.

French, Robert M. (1995).
The Subtlety of Sameness: A Theory and Computer Model of Analogy-Making
. Cambridge. Mass.: MIT Press (Bradford Books).

Gentner, Dedre, Jeffrey Loewenstein, Leigh Thompson, and Kenneth D. Forbus (2009). “Reviving inert knowledge: Analogical abstraction supports relational retrieval of past events”.
Cognitive Science
, 33 (8), pp. 1343–1382.

Hofstadter, Douglas and Melanie Mitchell (1995). “The Copycat project: A model of mental fluidity and analogy-making”. In Douglas Hofstadter and the Fluid Analogies Research Group,
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New York: Basic Books, pp. 205–267.

Horowitz, Alexandra (2010).
Inside of a Dog.
New York: Scribners.

Kahneman, Daniel and Dale T. Miller (1986). “Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives”.
Psychological Review
, 93 (2), pp. 136–153.

Kanerva, Pentti.
Sparse Distributed Memory.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Mitchell, Melanie (1993).
Analogy-Making as Perception.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Schank, Roger C. (1982).
Dynamic Memory: A Theory of Reminding and Learning in Computers and People.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

————— (1999).
Dynamic Memory Revisited.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Thagard, Paul, Keith J. Holyoak, Greg Nelson, and David Gochfeld (1990). “Analog retrieval by constraint satisfaction”.
Artificial Intelligence
, 46, pp. 259–310.

Chapter 4

The contributions by Bowdle and Gentner, Geary, Gibbs, Glucksberg, Indurkhya, Jones and Estes, Lakoff and Turner, Ortony, and Pinker are relevant mainly to our sections on metaphor. The works by Chi, Ericsson, Feltovich, Hoffman, Johnson, Mervis, Ross, Tanaka, and Taylor and their colleagues are relevant to our discussion of expertise in a broad sense. The works by Greenberg, Sander (with Dupuch), and Politzer discuss the phenomenon of marking. The article by Collins and Quillian shows the classical approach to abstraction, while Poitrenaud’s monograph and the articles by Laurence and Margolis and by Richard and Sander offer more recent views of the phenomenon. Chrysikou, Duncker, Nersessian, Richard, and Ward treat abstraction and creativity and their role in problem-solving. The book edited by Laurence and Margolis concerns artefacts, while Casati’s fascinating study is devoted to shadows in a very wide sense of the term.

Blessing, Stephen B. and Brian H. Ross (1996). “Content effects in problem categorization and problem solving”.
J. of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 22, pp. 792–810.

Borges, Jorge Luis (1962). “Funes the Memorious”, translated by Anthony Kerrigan. In Jorge Luis Borges,
Ficciones.
New York: Grove Press, p. 114.

Bowdle, Brian F. and Dedre Gentner (2005). “The career of metaphor”.
Psychological Review
, 112 (1), pp. 193–216.

Casati, Roberto (2004).
Shadows: Unlocking Their Secrets, from Plato to Our Time.
London: Vintage.

Chi, Michelene T. H., Paul J. Feltovich, and Robert Glaser (1981). “Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices”.
Cognitive Science
, 5, pp. 121–152.

Chi, Michelene T. H., Robert Glaser, and Marshall J. Farr (1988).
The Nature of Expertise
. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Chrysikou, Evangelia G. (2006). “When shoes become hammers: Goal-derived categorization training enhances problem solving performance”.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 32, pp. 935–942.

Collins, Allen M. and M. Ross Quillian (1969). “Retrieval time from semantic memory”.
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour
, 8, pp. 240–248.

Duncker, Karl (1945). “On problem solving”.
Psychological Monographs
, 58, pp. 1–110.

Dupuch, Laurence and Emmanuel Sander (2007). “Apport pour les apprentissages de l’explicitation des relations d’inclusion de classes”.
L’Année psychologique
, 107 (4), pp. 565–596.

Ericsson, K. Anders, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, and Robert R. Hoffman, editors (2006).
Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Geary, James (2012).
I is an Other: The Secret Life of Metaphor and How It Shapes the Way We See the World.
New York: Harper Perennial.

Gibbs, Raymond W., editor (2008).
Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought.
New York: Cambridge University Press.

Glucksberg, Sam and Boaz Keysar (1990). “Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity”.
Psychological Review
, 97, pp. 3–18.

Glucksberg, Sam, Matthew S. McGlone, and Deanna Manfredi (1997). “Property attribution in metaphor comprehension”.
Journal of Memory and Language
, 36, pp. 50–67.

Greenberg, Joseph (1966).
Language Universals, with Special Reference to Feature Hierarchies.
The Hague: Mouton.

Indurkhya, Bipin (1992).
Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach.
New York: Springer.

Johnson, Kathy E. and Carolyn B. Mervis (1997). “Effects of varying levels of expertise on the basic level of categorization”.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 126, pp. 248–277.