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| As painful stimulation was applied to his left arm
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54
| Neuroscientist Paul MacLean experimented with the effects of
lesioning
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55
| When the dACC is stimulated in rhesus monkeys
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| female rats were treated in one of three ways
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56
| Kip Williams’s paradigm was called
Cyberball
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57
| We had people play
Cyberball
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion.
Science, 302
, 290–292.
|
58
| there was a single moment at which point we knew
Lieberman, M. D., Jarcho, J. M., Berman, S., Naliboff, B., Suyenobu, B. Y., Mandelkern, M., & Mayer, E. (2004). The neural correlates of placebo effects: A disruption account.
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, 447–455.
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58
| in the social pain study, participants who activated
See
Chapter 9
for more on the role of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in self-control and emotion regulation.
|
59
| Looking at the screens, side by side
Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8
, 294–300.
|
59
| lots of scientists didn’t buy our findings
Eisenberger, N. I., & Cole, S. W. (2012). Social neuroscience and health: Neuropsychological mechanisms linking social ties with physical health.
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, 669–674.
|
59
| In the mid- to late 1990s, several neuroimaging studies were published
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60
| a seminal paper on the function of the dACC
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4
(6), 215–222.
|
60
| Psychologists have long enjoyed dichotomizing processes
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|
60
| several other neuroimaging papers of emotion or pain distress
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American Journal of Psychiatry, 156
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|
61
| a paper on a new model of dACC function
Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why it hurts to be left out: The neurocognitive overlap between physical and social pain.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8
, 294–300. For more recent reviews taking a similar view, see Shackman, A. J., Salomons, T. V., Slagter, H. A., Fox, A. S., Winter, J. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2011). The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex.
Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15
(2), 85–93.
|
61
| everyone figures out to use the metal knocker
Gilbert, D. T., Lieberman, M. D., Morewedge, C. K., & Wilson, T. D. (2004). The peculiar longevity of things not so bad.
Psychological Science, 15
, 14–19.
|
62
| a conflict/error detection procedure called the
stop-signal task
Spunt, R. P., Lieberman, M. D., Cohen, J. R., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). The phenomenology of error processing: The dorsal anterior cingulate response to stop-signal errors tracks reports of negative affect.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24
, 1753–1765; see also Botvinick, M. M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function.
Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7
, 356–366.
|
64
| Our basic findings linking social exclusion
Masten, C. L., Telzer, E. H., Fuligni, A. J., Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2012). Time spent with friends in adolescence relates to less neural sensitivity to later peer rejection.
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7
(1), 106–114; Bolling, D. Z., Pitskel, N. B., Deen, B., Crowley, M. J., McPartland, J. C., Mayes, L. C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2011). Dissociable brain mechanisms for processing social exclusion and rule violation.
NeuroImage, 54
(3), 2462–2471; Krill, A., & Platek, S. M. (2009). In-group and out-group membership mediates anterior cingulate activation to social exclusion.
Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience, 1
, 1–7; Bolling, D. Z., Pelphrey, K. A., & Vander Wyk, B. C. (2012). Differential brain responses to social exclusion by one’s own versus opposite-gender peers.
Social Neuroscience, 7
(4), 331–346; Wager, T. D., van Ast, V. A., Hughes, B. L., Davidson, M. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2009). Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat,
part II
: Prefrontal-subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety.
NeuroImage, 47
(3), 836–851; Burklund, L. J., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). The face of rejection: Rejection sensitivity moderates dorsal anterior cingulate activity to disapproving facial expressions.
Social Neuroscience, 2
(3-4), 238–253; Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love.
Journal of Neurophysiology, 104
(1), 51–60; Kross, E., Berman, M. G., Mischel, W., Smith, E. E., & Wager, T. D. (2011). Social rejection shares somatosensory representations with physical pain.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108
(15), 6270–6275; O’Connor, M. F., Wellisch, D. K., Stanton, A. L., Eisenberger, N. I., Irwin, M. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Craving love? Enduring grief activates brain’s reward center.
NeuroImage, 42
(2), 969–972; Gündel, H., O’Connor, M. F., Littrell, L., Fort, C., & Lane, R. D. (2003). Functional neuroanatomy of grief: An fMRI study.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 160
(11), 1946–1953; Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., Pedersen, A., Kroker, K., Samberg, D., Bauer, J., … , & Suslow, T. (2009). Neural activation underlying acute grief in women after the loss of an unborn child.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 166
(12), 1402–1410; Onoda, K., Okamoto, Y., Nakashima, K. I., Nittono, H., Yoshimura, S., Yamawaki, S., … , & Ura, M. (2010). Does low self-esteem enhance social pain? The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism.
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5
(4), 385–391; Eisenberger, N. I., Inagaki, T. K., Muscatell, K. A., Byrne Haltom, K. E., & Leary, M. R. (2011). The neural sociometer: Brain mechanisms underlying state self-esteem.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23
(11), 3448–3455.
|
64
| over-the-counter painkillers would reduce social pain
DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., Combs, D., Schurtz, D. R., Stillman, T. F., Tice, D. M., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2010). Acetaminophen reduces social pain: Behavioral and neural evidence.
Psychological Science, 21
, 931–937.
|
65
| Mice that have been bred to lack the mu-opioid receptor
Sora I., et al. (1997). Opiate receptor knockout mice define mu receptor roles in endogenous nociceptive responses and morphine-induced analgesia.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94
, 1544–1549.
|
65
| We inherit one allele from our mother
Sia, A. T., et al. (2008). A118G single nucleotide polymorphism of human mu-opioid receptor gene influences pain perception and patient-controlled intravenous morphine consumption after intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia.
Anesthesiology, 109
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Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 79
, 316–324; Chou, W. Y., et al. (2006). Association of mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) with variations in morphine consumption for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty.
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, 787–792.
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