Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (54 page)

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Authors: Matthew D. Lieberman

Tags: #Psychology, #Social Psychology, #Science, #Life Sciences, #Neuroscience, #Neuropsychology

BOOK: Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect
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294

The determinist view was buffeted
Rakic, P. (1985). Limits of neurogenesis in primates.
Science, 227
(4690), 1054–1056.

294

new neurons can be born in adulthood
Gould, E., Reeves, A. J., Graziano, M. S., & Gross, C. G. (1999). Neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult primates.
Science, 286
(5439), 548–552; Buonomano, D. V., & Merzenich, M. M. (1998). Cortical plasticity: From synapses to maps.
Annual Review of Neuroscience, 21
(1), 149–186.

294

People who were learning to juggle
Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training.
Nature, 427
(6972), 311–312.

294

Similarly, taxi drivers in London
Maguire, E. A., Gadian, D. G., Johns-rude, I. S., Good, C. D., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97
(8), 4398–4403.

295

Although working memory capacity and fluid intelligence
Sternberg, R. J. (2008). Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105
(19), 6791–6792; Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2008). Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105
(19), 6829–6833; Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Jonides, J. (2012). Neuronal effects following working memory training.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25
, S167–S179.

295

emotionality peaks right around eighth grade
Silvers, J. A., McRae, K., Gabrieli, J. D., Gross, J. J., Remy, K. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). Age-related differences in emotional reactivity, regulation, and rejection sensitivity in adolescence.
Emotion, 12
, 1235–1247; Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents.
Journal of Neuroscience, 26
(25), 6885–6892.

296

From delay of gratification and emotion regulation
Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2013). Intentional and incidental self-control in ventrolateral PFC. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.).
Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 417–440.

296

examined the effects of training motor self-control
Morales, J. I., Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Improving self-control across domains: Increasing emotion regulation ability through motor inhibition training. Unpublished manuscript; Muraven, M. (2010). Building self-control strength: Practicing self-control leads to improved self-control performance.
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46
, 465–468
;
Muraven, M. (2010). Practicing self-control lowers the risk of smoking lapse.
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24
(3), 446; Schweizer, S., Grahn, J., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D., & Dalgleish, T. (2013). Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional working memory training.
Journal of Neuroscience, 33
, 5301–5311

297

mindfulness meditation may turn out to be a great way
Creswell, J. D., Burklund, L. J., Irwin, M. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (in prep). Mindfulness meditation training increases functional activity in right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during affect labeling in older adults: A randomized controlled study; Farb, N. A., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference.
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2
(4), 313–322.

Epilogue

299

It is useless to attempt to reason a man
Ballou, M. M. (1872).
Treasury of Thought: Forming an Encyclopaedia of Quotations from Ancient and Modern Authors.
Boston: J. R. Osgood and Co., p. 433.

INDEX

academic performance,
206
,
207
,
225
,
275

76
,
278

81
.
See also
social learning
ACC.
See
dACC
addiction,
50
,
226
adolescents,
11
,
12
,
193

94
,
208
,
277

79
,
292
.
See also
social learning
advertising,
198

200
,
216
affect labeling,
219

21
affect matching,
152

53
,
154

56
,
157
,
161
aggression,
94
,
95
AI.
See
anterior insula
Allport, Floyd,
226

27
altruism,
25
,
84
,
86

92
,
96

98
.
See also
empathy; self-interest
amygdala,
159
,
175

76
,
177
,
221
anterior cingulate cortex.
See
dACC; rACC
anterior insula (AI),
51
,
65
,
66
,
74
,
156
,
237
,
300
anterior intraparietal sulcus,
135
,
169
anxiety,
46
,
53
,
63
,
99
,
156

57
,
159
,
175
,
176
,
220
,
278
Apple,
130
ASDs.
See
autism
Ashby, Greg,
280

81
Asimov, Isaac,
86
,
303
Asperger’s disorder,
27
Atlas Shrugged
(Rand),
242
attachment behavior.
See
parental caregiving
autism,
27
,
117
,
132
,
162

77
,
178
broken mirror hypothesis,
168

72
intense world hypothesis,
172

77
Theory of Mind deficits and,
162

68
,
172
BA10.
See
medial prefrontal cortex
Bargh, John,
289
Baron-Cohen, Simon,
162

63
Batson, Daniel,
87

88
Baumeister, Roy,
207

8
,
278
Becher, J.
J.,
181
belief bias,
211

12
,
215
Bentham, Jeremy,
ix
,
227

28
,
242
Berkman, Elliot,
210
,
296
Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne,
129
Blue Men,
194

95
Bowlby, John,
47
,
267
Bowling Alone
(Putman),
246

47
brain evolution,
15
,
28
,
30
,
35
,
236

37
brain imaging techniques,
ix

x
,
15

16
,
302

3
brain regions and processes.
See also specific brain areas
alarm system,
61

64
brain plasticity,
294

95
default network,
16

23
,
26

27
,
118

20
emotional processes and,
60
empathy and,
156
,
157

61
imitation and,
134

36
logical reasoning and,
112
,
113
,
114

15
mentalizing system,
115

19
,
123
,
125
,
187
,
237
,
284

85
,
300
mirror system areas,
135

36
,
169
pain perception and,
50

56
,
58

59
,
60
,
65

66
,
237
reward network,
74

75
,
77
,
78
,
85

86
,
94
,
158

59
,
187
,
237
,
281
,
300
self-awareness,
183
,
185
,
186

89
,
193

94
,
301
self-control and social compliance,
208

16
,
218

19
,
221
,
227
,
233

34
,
237
self-control training,
295

97
social thinking and,
26
,
114

18
,
119
working memory,
113

14
,
134
,
141
,
283
,
295
brain size,
23
,
28

33
,
35
,
40

41
,
236

37
Brentano, Franz,
105

6
Brodmann areas,
187
broken mirror hypothesis,
168

72
bullying,
68

69
,
277

79
Bush, George,
60
Bush, George W.,
250
Cabeza, Roberto,
117
caring for others,
98
,
99
,
201

2
,
237
,
264

68
,
300
.
See also
altruism; parental caregiving
Castle, Elizabeth,
77
children,
10
,
11
,
111
,
162

63
,
167

68
.
See also
adolescents; autism; infants; parental caregiving; social learning
bullying,
68

69
,
277

79
C.
K., Louis,
201
,
227
Cohen, Geoff,
279

80
college admissions,
225
communications,
287

88
information sharing,
123

26
,
135
,
289

90
competition,
104

5
,
121

23
conformity,
233

35
.
See also
harmonizing
connection.
See
social connection
Cooley, Charles,
192

93
,
231
cooperation,
19
,
31

32
,
80

86
,
91
mindreading and,
107
,
109
,
121
Cooper, Bob,
103

4
,
105
Coricelli, Giorgio,
122

23
Cornell, Dewey,
278

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