Seven Events That Made America America (42 page)

42
Emily Edwards and Michael Singletary, “Mass Media Images in Popular Music: An Examination of Media Images in Student Music Collections and Student Attitudes Toward Media Performance,”
Popular Music and Society
9 (1984): 17-26.

43
R. Serge Denisoff and Mark H. Levine, “Youth and Popular Music: A Test of the Taste Culture Hypothesis,”
Youth Society
4 (1972): 237-55.

44
For one attempt to straddle these issues, see James E. Perone,
Music of the Counterculture Era
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004).

45
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 214.

46
Goodman,
Mansion on the Hill
, 65. Stephen Stills later claimed that he wrote “For What It’s Worth” to make a statement about Vietnam (“I wanted to write something that had to do with the guys in the field in Vietnam”), a convenient post hoc explanation that made him more “cutting edge.” At the time, the evidence suggests it was about a minor episode in Hollywood, and in 1966, very few Americans were attuned to the “guys in the field in Vietnam.”

47
Goodman,
Mansion on the Hill
, 317.

48
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 394.

49
Ibid., 212.

50
David Dalton, “Finally, the Shocking Truth About Woodstock Can Be Told, or Kill It Before It Clones Itself,”
The Gadfly
, August 1999,
http://gadfly.org/1999-08/toc.asp
, and conversations with David Dalton cited in Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,
A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 703-4.

51
Gould,
Can’t Buy Me Love
, 566.

52
Dalton, “Finally, the Shocking Truth About Woodstock.”

53
Ellen Sander, “It’s the Sound,”
L.A. Free Press
, September 5, 1969.

54
Abbie Hoffman,
Woodstock Nation
(New York: Vintage, 1969), 91; Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 275.

55
Hoffman,
Woodstock Nation
, 4-5; Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 270.

56
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 516.

57
Ibid., 512.

58
Ibid., 513.

59
Artemy Troitsky, “Rock in the USSR: The True Story of Rock in Russia,”
http://www.planetaquarium.com/eng/pub/doc_at1.html
.

60
Timothy W. Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc: A History of Rock Music in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
(New York: Oxford, 1990), 26.

61
Ibid., 42.

62
Ibid., 58.

63
All this material is from ibid., 50-58 and passim. See also Tony Mitchell, “Mixing Pop and Politics: Rock Music in Czechoslovakia before and after the Velvet Revolution,”
Popular Music
11, 187-203.

64
Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc
, 63-64.

65
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 95.

66
Ibid.

67
Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc
, 93.

68
Ibid., 95.

69
Ibid., 109.

70
Ibid., 4.

71
Ibid., 5.

72
Barry Miles,
Zappa
(New York: Grove Press, 2004), 292

73
Ibid.

74
Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc
, 184.

75
Ibid., 141-48.

76
Ibid., 138.

77
Ibid., 139.

78
“East Berlin Loses the Rock War,”
Le Monde
, June 21, 1988.

79
Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc
, 152.

80
Troitsky, “Rock in the USSR.”

81
“Boris Grebenshikov’s Russian Rock,”
http://www.planetaquarium.com/eng/pub/doc_em1.html
.

82
Ibid.

83
Troitsky, “Rock in the USSR.”

84
Miles,
Zappa
, 294.

85
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
(New York: Basic Books, 1999), 548.

86
Ibid., 548.

87
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 120.

88
Mark Mazower,
Dark Continent
(New York: Vintage, 2000) 181.

89
Jolanta Pekacz, “Did Rock Smash the Wall? The Role of Rock in Political Transition,”
Popular Music
, 1994, 13, 41-49 (quotation on 46).

90
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 164.

91
Pekacz, “Did Rock Smash in the Wall?,” 48.

92
Ryback,
Rock Around the Bloc, 5.

93
Ibid
.

94
Ibid., 233.

95
Frederick Rudolph and John R. Thelin,
The American College and University
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990), 48.

96
Adams, Washington, and Jefferson quoted in Buckner F. Melton, ed.,
The Quotable Founding Fathers
(New York: Fall River Press, 2004), 25.

97
“Jefferson’s Taste in Music,”
http://www.monticello.org/jefferson/dayinlife/parlor/profile.html
; Sandor Salgo,
Thomas Jefferson: Musician Violinist
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Judith S. Britt,
Nothing More Agreeable: Music in George Washington’s Family
(Mount Vernon, VA: The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union, 1984).

98
Miles Hoffman, “If Lincoln Had an iPod,”
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100675699
.

1
Ronald Reagan,
An American Life
(New York: Pocket Books, 1990), 409. Nevertheless, there is no entry for “Islam” in the entire index of Edmund Morris’s biography of Reagan,
Dutch
(Edmund Morris,
Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan
[New York: Random House, 1999]).

2
Reagan,
An American Life
, 410.

3
Douglas Brinkley, ed.,
The Reagan Diaries
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 14.

4
Ibid., 14.

5
Ibid., 37.

6
Reagan,
An American Life
, 415.

7
Ibid., 411.

8
Ibid., 416.

9
Brinkley, ed.,
The Reagan Diaries
, 24.

10
Ibid.

11
Ibid., 25.

12
Larry Schweikart,
48 Liberal Lies About American History
(New York: Sentinel, 2008), 61-68.

13
Reagan,
An American Life
, 416.

14
New York Times
, June 27, 1982.

15
“Interview: Caspar Weinberger,” 2001,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/target/interviews/weinberger.html
.

16
Ibid.

17
Ibid.

18
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 513.

19
Ibid., 517.

20
James Dobbins, Seth G. Jones, Keith Crane, Andrew Rathmell, Brett Steele, Richard Teltschik, and Anga Timilsina, “The U.N.’s Role in Nation-Building: From the Congo to Iraq,” RAND Corporation, 2005, xvi, at
http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.pdf
.

21
Brett D. Schaefer, “United Nations Peacekeeping: The U.S. Must Press for Reform,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #2182, September 18, 2008,
http://www.heritage.org/research/internationalorganizations/bg2182.cfm
.

22
Roy Licklider, “Obstacles to Peace Settlements,” in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall,
Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001), 697-718; Paul R. Pillar,
Negotiating Peace: War Termination as a Bargaining Process
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Stephen John Stedman,
Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980
(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991), and his “The End of the Zimbabwean Civil War,” in Roy Licklider, ed.,
Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End
(New York: New York University Press, 1993), 125-63; Barbara F. Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement,”
International Organization
51 335-64.

23
U.N. General Assembly and U.N. Security Council, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305-S/ 2000/809, August 21, 2000, p. 10, at
http://www.un.org/peace/reports/peace_operations/docs/a_55_305.pdf
(September 1, 2008). The report is often referred to as the “Brahimi Report,” after the panel’s chairman, former Algerian foreign minister Lakhdar Brahimi.

24
Roy Licklider, “How Civil Wars End: Questions and Methods,” in Licklider, ed.,
Stopping the Killing
, 3-19.

25
Ibid., 14.

26
Licklider, “Obstacles to Peace Settlements,” 697-718; Pillar,
Negotiating Peace
; Stedman,
Peacemaking in Civil War
and “The End of the Zimbabwean Civil War”; Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement.”

27
Reagan,
An American Life
, 436.

28
Ibid., 431.

29
Bernard Lewis,
Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice
(New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1999), 12.

30
Thomas Friedman,
From Beirut to Jerusalem
(London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1998).

31
Bernard Lewis, “The New Anti-Semitism,”
The American Scholar
75 (Winter 2006): 25-36,
http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/21832.html
.

32
“Who Is Involved?” 10/30/83, box 43, Executive Secretariat, NSC Country Files, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (RL), Simi Valley, CA.

33
Morris,
Dutch,
462-63.

34
Paul Lettow,
Ronald Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
(New York: Random House, 2005), 108.

35
Ibid., 109.

36
Paul Kengor,
The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism
(New York: Regan, 2006), 176.

37
Reagan,
An American Life
, 440.

38
Brinkley, ed.,
The Reagan Diaries
, 218.

39
Reagan,
An American Life
, 440.

40
Ibid., 441.

41
“Lebanese Working Group,” September 1983, Richard S. Beale Files, Box 90403, NSC, RL.

42
Ibid.

43
Nonie Darwish,
Now They Call Me Infidel
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 9.

44
Ibid., 9.

45
Lawrence Wright,
The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
(New York: Knopf, 2006), 11-12.

46
Ibid., 23.

47
Ibid., 58.

48
Ibid.; Peter I. Bergen,
Holy War: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Ladin
(New York: Free Press, 2001), 88.

49
Jane Mayer and Doyle McManus,
Landslide: The Unmaking of the President, 1984- 1988
(Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1989), 125.

50
Karen DeYoung,
Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell
(New York: Knopf, 2006); Caspar Weinberger,
Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon
(New York: Warner Books, 1990).

51
John F. Lehman,
Command of the Seas: Building the 600-Ship Navy
(New York: Scribners, 1988), 308-12.

52
Ken Duberstein to Howard Baker, Edwin Meese, October 26, 1983, ND 183642, RL.

53
A select few used the term
terrorists
in memos to the president, such as Special Assistant Wadiah Haddad.

54
Lou Cannon,
President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime
(New York: Public Affairs, 2000), 383.

55
Folder “Questions on Lebanon,” pre-brief, “Lebanon Bombing October 23, 1983,” box 41, Executive Secretariat, NSC: Country File RL.

56
Bernard Lewis,
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years
(New York: Touchstone, 1995), 166.

57
Eric Weiner,
The Geography of Bliss: One Grump’s Search for the Happiest Places in the World
(New York: Twelve Books, 2008), 105.

58
Philip Brickman et al., “Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
36 (1987): 917-27.

59
Lewis,
The Middle East
, 270.

60
Mark Sangemon,
Understanding Terror Networks
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004); Richard Minitier,
Disinformation: 22 Media Myths That Undermine the War on Terror
(Washington: Regnery, 2004), 126-27; “Terror Arrests: The List of Suspects,” London
Telegraph
, July 7, 2007,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1556345/Terror-arrests--the-list-of-suspects.html
.

61
Victor Davis Hanson,
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
(New York: Doubleday, 2001).

62
Lewis,
The Middle East
, 375.

63
Ibid., 385.