Seven Events That Made America America (41 page)

40
Larry Schweikart,
The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States
(Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt, 2000), 274.

41
“Food Pyramid History,”
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall02/Greene/history.htm
.

42
Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs of the United States Senate,
Dietary Goals for the United States
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1977). After publication, there was a firestorm of protest from researchers, scientists, doctors, and nutritionists who insisted that the science was far from settled, and that there was no consensus.

43
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 46.

44
Ibid., 48.

45
George Mann, “Diet-Heart: End of an Era,”
New England Journal of Medicine
297 (September 22, 1977): 644-50.

46
David Kritchevsky, quoted in Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 52.

47
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial [MRFIT] Research Group, “Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: Risk Factor Changes and Mortality Results,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
248 (September 24, 1982): 1465-77; “Heart Attacks: A Test Collapses,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 6, 1982.

48
“Cholesterol: And Now the Bad News,”
Time
, March 1984.

49
C. Everett Koop, “Message from the Surgeon General,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1988, and the
Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988), iii-iv, 3-4l; National Research Council, Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences,
Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk
(Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989), 13.

50
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 49.

51
Ibid., 66.

52
“In 4-diet Study, All Lost Weight if they Watched Their Calories,”
USA Today
, February 25, 2009. See the disclaimers in the article, “Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates,”
New England Journal of Medicine
360 (February 26, 2009): 859-73. Nor did this very small study (811 subjects) reduce carbohydrates enough, nor increase fat intake enough, to make significant judgments.

53
Ancel Keys, “Sucrose in the Diet and Coronary Heart Disease,”
Atherosclerosis
, September-October 1971, 93-202; “Cholesterol: Debate Flares Over Wisdom of Widespread Reductions,”
New York Times
, July 14, 1987.

54
Robert C. Atkins,
Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution
(New York: M. Evans & Co., 2002), 20-21.

55
Ibid., 22.

56
Frederick L. Benoit, R. L. Martin, and R. H. Watten, “Changes in Body Composition During Weight Reduction in Obesity: Balance Studies Comparing Effects of Fasting and a Ketogenic Diet,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
63 (October 1965): 604-12.

57
T. L. Halton et al., “Low-carbohydrate-diet Score and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women,”
New England Journal of Medicine
19 (February 9, 2006) 1991-2002.

58
Iris Shai et al., “Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet,”
New England Journal of Medicine
359 (July 17, 2008): 229-41.

59
A. J. Nordmann et al., Effects of Low-carbohydrate vs Low-fat Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
3 (February 13, 2006): 285-93. The argument about LDL (low-density lipoproteins), which is entirely different from whether a low-carb diet is superior for losing weight, has subsequently become a fallback position for the antifat crowd, but a better measure of the risk than the so-called LDL cholesterol was the size and density of LDL particles and the number of ApoB proteins (the component of very low-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins)—and in that regard, a comparison of carbs and fats shows that carbs produce denser LDL while fats make the LDL large and fluffy, or, generally, fats are far less harmful particles.

60
G. D. Foster et al., “A Randomized Trial of a Low-carbohydrate Diet for Obesity,”
New England Journal of Medicine
21 (May 22, 2003): 2082-90.

61
J. Powles, “Commentary: Mediterranean Paradoxes Continue to Provoke,”
International Journal of Epidemiology
30 (October 2001): 1076-77.

62
M. Nestle, “The Ironic Politics of Obesity,”
Science
269 (February 7, 2003): 781.

63
C. W. Enns et al.,
Trends in Food and Nutrient Intakes by Adults: NFCS 1977-78, CSFII 1989-91, and CSFII 1994-95, Family Economics and Nutrition Review
10 (1997), quoted in Atkins,
Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution
, 25.

64
H. E. Garrett, E. C. Horning, B. G. Creech, and Michael De Bakey, “Serum Cholesterol Values in Patients Treated Surgically for Atherosclerosis,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
189 (August 31, 1964): 655-59; D. Rittenberg and R. Schoenheimer, “Deuterium as an Indicator in the Study of Intermediary Metabolism. XI. Further Studies on the Biological Uptake of Deuterium into Organic Substances with Special Reference to Fat and Cholesterol Formation,”
Journal of Biological Chemistry
121 (1937) 235-53.

65
Kelly Brownell and K. B. Horgan,
Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 8.

66
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 234; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Physical Activity Trends—United States, 1990-1998,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports
50 (March 9, 2001): 166-69.

67
“Taking Exercise to Heart,”
New York Times
, March 27, 1977; “Passion to Keep Fit: 100 Million Americans Exercising,”
Washington Post
, August 31, 1980.

68
J. D. Wright et al., “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients—United States, 1971-2000,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports
53 (February 6, 2004): 80-82.

69
John Higginson, “From Geographical Pathology to Environmental Carcinogenesis: A Historical Reminiscence,”
Cancer Letters
117 (1997) 133-142, and his “Rethinking the Environmental Causation of Human Cancer,”
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology
19 (October 1981): 539-48.

70
J. O. Hill and J. C. Peters, “Environmental Contributions to the Obesity Epidemic,”
Science
299 (February 7, 2003) 1371-74.

71
David Pimentel and Marcia Pimentel, “Sustainability of Meat-based and Plant-based Diets and the Environment,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
78 (September 2003), supplement, 660S-663S.

72
Nathan Fiala, “How Meat Contributes to Global Warming,”
Scientific American
, February 4, 2009.

73
“Fatties Cause Global Warming,”
The Sun
, April 21, 2009,
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article2387203.ece
.

74
Fiala, “How Meat Contributes to Global Warming.”

75
Eric Schlosser,
Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal
(New York: Penguin, 2002).

76
Adam W. Shepard,
Scratch Beginnings: Me, $25, and the Search for the American Dream
(New York: Collins, 2008).

77
“Childhood Obesity Report Calls for Government Regulations to Limit Access to ‘Unhealthy’ Restaurant Chains,”
CNSNews.com
, September 2, 2009,
http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/53374
.

78
Peter Gwynne, “The Cooling World,”
Newsweek,
April 28, 1975.

79
Richard Lindzen, “Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus,”
CATO Institute
15 (Spring 1992),
http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html
.

80
B. Bruce-Briggs,
The War Against the Automobile
(New York: Dutton, 1977); John Heitmann,
The Automobile and American Life
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009).

1
Interview with Felix Cavaliere, Rascals founder, March 10, 2009.

2
Ray Manzarek,
Light My Fire: My Life with the Doors
(New York: Berkley Boulevard Books, 1999), 14.

3
Barry Miles quoted in Peter Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of the ’60s
(New York: Canongate, 2007), 174.

4
This was a well-established business trend of controlling the entire production process. See Larry Schweikart and Lynne Pierson Doti,
American Entrepreneur
(New York: Amacom Books, 2009).

5
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 70.

6
Jonathan Gould,
Can’t Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America
(New York: Harmony Books, 2007), 61.

7
John Heitmann,
The Automobile and American Life
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009).

8
Ray Kroc and Robert Anderson,
Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald’s
(Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1977); Kemmons Wilson,
The Holiday Inn Story
(New York: The Newcomen Society, 1968); Bob Thomas,
Walt Disney: An American Original
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976); Randy Bright,
Disneyland: Inside Story
(New York: Abrams, 1987).

9
Gould,
Can’t Buy Me Love
, 147.

10
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 77.

11
Gould,
Can’t Buy Me Love
, 221.

12
The influence of the Beatles on the American music scene was, in an understatement, massive. West Coast rockers such as Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek and East Coast “white soul” singer/keyboardist Mark Stein of Vanilla Fudge identified the Beatles as one of the most important influences in their music (interviews with Mark Stein, various dates, 2008-9). Dave Mason, of Traffic, observed that “they were raw, brand new, everyone copied them” (interview, April 14, 2009). The impact was not universal: Doors guitarist Robby Krieger cited edgier British bands, such as the Rolling Stones and the Animals, as his primary influence; and David Paich of Toto leaned toward American jazz and blues artists (interview with Robby Krieger, July 1, 2009; interview with David Paich, June 25, 2009).

13
Fred Goodman,
The Mansion on the Hill: Dylan, Young, Geffen, Springsteen, and the Head-on Collision of Rock and Commerce
(New York: Times Books, 1997), 9.

14
Manzarek,
Light My Fire
, 94-95.

15
Aldous Huxley,
The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1960).

16
Ibid., 36-37.

17
Jann Wenner,
John Lennon Remembers
(New York: Popular Library, 1971), 140.

18
Gould,
Can’t Buy Me Love
, 324; Hunter Davies,
The Beatles: The Authorized Biography
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 289.

19
George Harrison,
I Me Mine
(London: Phoenix, 1980), 94.

20
Peter Knight,
Conspiracy Theories in American History
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003): 427. This book suggests that some inside the radical movement thought Lennon was a CIA “plant” precisely because of his lack of enthusiasm for revolution.

21
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 97.

22
Ibid., 180.

23
Glenn C. Altschuler,
All Shook Up: How Rock ‘N’ Roll Changed America
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 175.

24
“Jimi’s Private Parts,”
http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0803051jimi1.html
; Charles Cross,
Room Full of Mirrors
(New York: Hyperion, 2005), claims Hendrix faked being a homosexual to get a discharge, but Hendrix told reporters he was discharged because he broke his ankle. In all likelihood, it was a combination of Hendrix’s attitude and injury that led to his discharge.

25
Cross,
Room Full of Mirrors
, 66.

26
Steven Roby,
Black Gold
(North Hollywood, CA: Billboard Books, 2002), 15.

27
Cross,
Room Full of Mirrors
, 248.

28
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 338.

29
Peter Ames Carlin,
Catch a Wave: The Rise, Fall & Redemption of the Beach Boys’ Brian Wilson
(New York: Rodale, 2006), 98.

30
Interview with Peter Rivera (Peter Hoorelbeke), July 22, 2009.

31
Ibid.

32
Doggett,
There’s a Riot Going On
, 5.

33
Ibid., 10-11.

34
Ibid., 146.

35
Ibid., 169.

36
Ibid., 184, 195.

37
Ibid., 196-97, 209.

38
Kenneth J. Bindas and Craig Houston, “‘Takin’ Care of Business’: Rock Music, Vietnam and the Protest Myth,”
Historian
52 (November 1989): 1-23.

39
Ibid., 1.

40
Ibid., 3.

41
David A. Noebel,
Rhythm, Riots, and Revolution
(Tulsa, OK: Christian Crusade Publications, 1966); Jerome L. Rodnitzky, “The New Revivalism: American Protest Songs, 1945-1968,”
South Atlantic Quarterly
70 (Winter 1971): 13-21.