Seven Events That Made America America (40 page)

57
Mener, “Disaster Response,” 8.

58
Ibid.

59
Platt,
Disasters and Democracy
, 15.

60
Mener, “Disaster Response,” 8.

61
Report of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island
, 1979,
http://www.pddoc.com/tmi2/kemeny/
.

62
Oran K. Henderson,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Emergency Preparedness and Response: The Three Mile Island Incident,
in Thomas H. Moss and David L. Sills,
Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident: Lessons and Implication
(New York: National Academy of Science, 1981).

63
See David M. Rubin, “What the President’s Commission Learned About the Media,” in Moss and Sills,
Three Mile Island
, 98-99.

64
Ibid.

65
Mener, “Disaster Response,” 18.

66
James F. Miskel,
Disaster Response and Homeland Security: What Works, What Doesn’t
(Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 78-79.

67
Saundra K. Schneider,
Flirting with Disaster: Public Management in Crisis Situations
(New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 93.

68
Donald F. Kettl,
The Department of Homeland Security’s First Year: A Report Card
(New York: The Century Foundation Press, 2004), 20-21.

69
Ibid.

70
Dennis Keegan and David West,
Reality Check: The Unreported Good News About America
(Washington, DC: Regnery, 2008), 146.

71
“New Orleans Ignored Its Own Plan,”
Washington Times
, September 9, 2005.

72
Douglas Brinkley,
The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast
(New York: William Morrow, 2006), 23.

73
Ibid., 34.

74
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Web site,
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/data/warn_archieve?LIX/NPW/0828_155101.txt
.

75
Keegan and West,
Reality Check
, 153.

76
Brinkley,
The Great Deluge
, 39.

77
Ibid., 56.

78
Ibid., 92.

79
Ibid., 64, 93.

80
Keegan and West,
Reality Check
, 147.

81
Brinkley,
The Great Deluge
, 233.

82
Ibid., 233.

83
Ibid., 239.

84
Ibid., 239.

85
Ibid., 214.

86
Ibid., 116.

87
Stephen Brill,
After: How America Confronted the September 12 Era
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).

88
Ivor Van Heerden and Mike Bryan,
The Storm: What Went Wrong and Why During Hurricane Katrina
(New York: Penguin, 2007).

89
Ibid., 129.

90
Keegan and West,
Reality Check
, 156.

91
Brinkley,
The Great Deluge
, 192; Keegan and West,
Reality Check
, 156.

92
Brinkley,
The Great Deluge
, 77.

93
Ibid., 49.

94
Ibid., 199.

95
“Government Can Take a Lesson From Wal-Mart,”
Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
, October 14, 2005.

96
Brinkley,
The Great Deluge
, 362.

97
Ibid., 288.

98
Alexander Hamilton, “The Hurricane Letter,” September 6, 1772, at Alexander Hamilton Patriot,
http://ahpatriot.blogspot.com/2007/06/hurricane-letter-hamilton-to-his-father.html
.

99
Congressional Record
, 49 Cong., 2d Sess., vol. XVIII, Pt. II, 1887, p. 1875.

100
Ibid.

101
Congressional Record
, 49 Cong., 2d Sess., vol. XVIII, Pt. II, 1887, p. 1875.

102
Quoted in Ron Chernow,
Alexander Hamilton
(New York: Penguin, 2004), 252.

103
Ibid., 379.

104
Michael Greenberger, “Did the Founding Fathers Do ‘A Heckuva Job?’ Constitutional Authorization for the Use of Federal Troops to Prevent the Loss of a Major American City,”
http://www.umaryland.edu/healthsecurity/docs/Greenberger%20Did%20the%20Founding%20Fathers%20Do%20a%20Heckuva%20Job.pdf
.

1
A. Kucharski, “Medical Management of Political Patients: The Case of Dwight D. Eisenhower,”
Perspectives in Physiology and Medicine
22 (1978): 115-26. Clarence G. Lasby,
Eisenhower’s Heart Attack: How Ike Beat Heart Disease and Held On to the Presidency
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997). Cardiologist Mattingly in 1987 claimed that Ike had heart trouble all his life and that Snyder had misdiagnosed Eisenhower’s first heart attack in the 1940s, then covered up the record for years after that. Lasby sides with Dr. Snyder, concluding Ike indeed likely had stomach trouble, and the cautionary electrocardiogram that Snyder ordered in 1948 after one of the attacks proved normal (45).

2
Gary Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease
(New York: Knopf, 2007), 4.

3
“The Fat of the Land,”
Time
, January 13, 1961, 48-52.

4
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 5.

5
Paul Dudley White,
My Life and Medicine: An Autobiographical Memoir
(Boston: Gambit, 1945), 220; Jean Mayer,
Diet for Living
(New York: David McKay, 1975), 138.

6
T. Cooper, “Arteriosclerosis, Policy, Polity, and Parity,”
Circulation
2 (February 1972): 433-40.

7
“Why Executives Drop Dead,”
Fortune
41 (1950): 88-91, 144-45.

8
Pedoe H. Tunstall, “Epidemiology of Coronary Heart Disease,” in R. Duncan and M. Weston-Smith,
The Encyclopaedia of Medical Ignorance
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1984), 95-106.

9
I. H. Page, F. J. Stare, A. C. Corcoran, H. Pollack, and C. F. Wilkinson, Jr., “Atherosclerosis and the Fat Content of the Diet,”
Circulation
16 (August 1957): 163-78.

10
R. Lozano, C. J. Murray, A. D. Lopez, and T. Sato, “Miscoding and Misclassification of Iscaemic Heart Disease Mortality,” World Health Organization, 2001,
http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/paper12.pdf
.

11
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 10.

12
Jane Brody,
Jane Brody’s Good Food Book: Living the High-Carbohydrate Way
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), 2.

13
J. H. Young, “The Long Struggle for the 1906 Law: Food and Drug Administration,”
FDA Consumer
, June 1981,
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/“rrd/history2.html
; W. Root and R. De Rochemont,
Eating in America: A History
(Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1995), 211.

14
D. L. Call and A. M. Sanchez, “Trends in Fat Disappearance in the United States, 1909-65,”
Journal of Nutrition
93 (October 1967) (2 supplemental): 1-28; Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 11; United States Department of Agriculture,
Consumption of Food in the United States, 1909-1932
, Agriculture Handbook No. 62 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1953).

15
H. Schwartz,
Never Satisfied: A Cultural History of Diets, Fantasies, and Fat
(New York: Doubleday, 1986), 46; R. O. Cummings,
The American and His Food: A History of Food Habits in the United States
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1940), 10-24.

16
Tom Standage,
An Edible History of Humanity
(New York: Walker and Company, 2009), 18.

17
Ancel Keys, “The Inception and Pilot Surveys,” in D. Kromhout, et al., eds.,
The Seven Countries Study: A Scientific Adventure in Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology
(Utrecht: Brouwer, 1994), 15-26.

18
Ancel Keys, “Human Atherosclerosis and the Diet,”
Circulation
5 (January 1952): 115-18.

19
Jacob Yerushalmy and Herman E. Hilleboe, “Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease: A Methodologic Note,”
New York State Journal of Medicine
57 (July 15, 1957): 2243-54.

20
Page, et al., “Athero-sclerosis and the Fat Content of the Diet,” passim.

21
H. Blackburn, “Contrasting Professional Views on Atherosclerosis and Coronary Disease,”
New England Journal of Medicine
292 (January 9, 1975): 105-7; T. R. Dawber, “Annual Discourse—Unproved Hypothesis,”
New England Journal of Medicine
299 (August 31, 1978): 452-58, and his 1980 book,
The Framingham Study: The Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Disease
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 141.

22
Cathy Young, et al., “Effect on Body Composition and Other Parameters in Obese Young Men of Carbohydrate Level of Reduction Diet,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
24 (1971): 290-96.

23
Claude Bernard,
An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
, trans. H. C. Green (New York: Dover Publications, 1957 [1865]), 38.

24
Meyer Friedman,
Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), 77.

25
Paul Johnson,
Modern Times: A History of the World from the Twenties to the Nineties
(New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 2-3.

26
Ibid., 3.

27
Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 25. On Navajos, see I. H. Page, L. A. Lewis, and J. Gilbert, “Plasma Lipids and Proteins and Their Relationship to Coronary Disease Among Navajo Indians,”
Circulation
13 (May 1956): 675-79; on Irish, see M. F. Trulson, et al., “Comparisons of Siblings in Boston and Ireland,”
Journal of American Dietetic Association
45 (1964): 225-29; on Swiss Alpine farmers, see D. Gsell and J. Mayer, “Low Blood Cholesterol Associated with High Calorie, High Saturated Fat Intakes in a Swiss Alpine Village Population,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
10 (June 1962): 471-79; and on Trappist monks, J. B. Groen, et al., “The Influence of Nutrition and Ways of Life on Blood Cholesterol and the Prevalence of Hypertension and Coronary Heart Disease Among Trappist and Benedictine Monks,”
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
10 (June 1964): 456-70.

28
G. V. Mann, et al., “Cardiovascular Disease in the Masai,”
Journal of Atherosclerosis Research
4 (July-August 1964): 289-312; A. G. Shaper, “Cardiovascular Studies in the Samburu Tribe of Northern Kenya,”
American Heart Journal
63 (April 1962): 437-42.

29
W. B. Kannel, et al., “Serum Cholesterol, Lipoproteins, and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Study,”
Annals of Internal Medicine
74 (January 1971): 1-12.

30
W. B. Kannell and T. Gordon,
The Framingham Diet Study: Diet and Regulation of Serum Cholesterol
, Section 24 of
The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Disease
(Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, and National Institutes of Health, 1968), 15.

31
On Puerto Rico, see M. R. Garcia-Palmieri, et al., “Relationship of Dietary Intake to Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease Incidence: The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program,”
Journal of American Clinical Nutrition
33 (1980): 1818-27; on Honolulu, K. Yano, et al., “Dietary Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Japanese Men Living in Hawaii,” ibid., 31 (July 1978): 1270-79; on Chicago, O. M. Paul et al., “A Longitudinal Study of Coronary Heart Disease,”
Circulation
28 (July1963): 20-31; on Israel, H. A. Kahn et al., “Serum Cholesterol: Its Distribution and Association with Dietary and Other Variables in a Survey of 10,000 Men,”
Israeli Journal of Medical Sciences
5 (November-December 1969): 1117-27. And there were many other studies still, not cited here, but available in Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, notes on 465.

32
R. B. Shekelle, et al., “Diet, Serum Cholesterol, and Death from Coronary Heart Disease: The Western Electric Study,”
New England Journal of Medicine
8 (January 1981): 65-70.

33
Ibid.

34
“Linking of Heart Disease to High-Cholesterol Diet Reinforced by New Data,”
Washington Post
, Jan. 8, 1981; “Long-Term Study Links Cholesterol to Hazard of Early Coronary Death,”
New York Times
, Jan. 8, 1981.

35
A. Koryani, “Prophylaxis and the Treatment of the Coronary Disease,”
Theraputica Hungarica
11 (1963): 17; and Research Committee, “Low-Fat Diet in Myocardial Infarction: A Controlled Trial,”
Lancet
286 (September 11, 1965): 501-4.

36
“Diet Linked to Cut in Heart Attacks,”
New York Times
, May 17, 1962.

37
I. D. France, Jr. et al., “Test of Effect of Lipid Lowering by Diet on Cardiovascular Risk: The Minnesota Coronary Survey,”
Arteriosclerosis
9 (January-February 1989): 129-35; Taubes,
Good Calories, Bad Calories
, 38.

38
Review Panel of the National Heart Institute,
Mass Field Trials of the Diet-Heart Question: Their Significance, Feasibility, and Applicability—Report of the Diet-Heart Review Panel of the National Heart Institute
, American Heart Association, Monograph No. 28, 1969.

39
Jean Meyer, “By Bread Alone,”
New York Times Book Review
, December 15, 1974, 19.