Seven Events That Made America America (39 page)
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42
Ibid., 13.
Ibid., 13.
43
Ibid., 19.
Ibid., 19.
45
Allan Nevins,
The Ordeal of the Union: The Emergence of Lincoln, Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), 156.
Allan Nevins,
The Ordeal of the Union: The Emergence of Lincoln, Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950), 156.
46
Ibid.
Ibid.
47
Ibid., 158.
Ibid., 158.
48
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 813 and Table 1, 814.
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 813 and Table 1, 814.
49
Paul W. Gates, “Land and Credit Problems in Undeveloped Kansas,”
Kansas Historical Quarterly
31 (Spring 1965): 41-61.
Paul W. Gates, “Land and Credit Problems in Undeveloped Kansas,”
Kansas Historical Quarterly
31 (Spring 1965): 41-61.
50
Gates, “Land and Credit Problems in Undeveloped Kansas,” 54.
Gates, “Land and Credit Problems in Undeveloped Kansas,” 54.
52
Stephen Salisbury,
The State, the Investor, and the Railroad: The Boston & Albany, 1825-1867
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 308.
Stephen Salisbury,
The State, the Investor, and the Railroad: The Boston & Albany, 1825-1867
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 308.
53
Huston, “Western Grains and the Panic of 1857,” passim, and his
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
Huston, “Western Grains and the Panic of 1857,” passim, and his
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
55
Ibid., 306.
Ibid., 306.
57
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 818.
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 818.
58
Harry Miller, “Earlier Theories of Crisis and Cycles in the United States,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
38 (February 1924): 294-329 (quotation on 328), quoting Edmund Dwight, “The Financial Revulsion and the New York Banking System,” in
Hunt’s Merchant Magazine
38 (February 1858).
Harry Miller, “Earlier Theories of Crisis and Cycles in the United States,”
Quarterly Journal of Economics
38 (February 1924): 294-329 (quotation on 328), quoting Edmund Dwight, “The Financial Revulsion and the New York Banking System,” in
Hunt’s Merchant Magazine
38 (February 1858).
59
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 819-20.
Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 819-20.
60
Cook, “Annual Report,” in Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 822.
Cook, “Annual Report,” in Calomiris and Schweikart, “Panic of 1857,” 822.
61
Melvin Ecke, “Fiscal Aspects of the Panic of 1857,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1951, 80-85, 92-94, 118-20.
Melvin Ecke, “Fiscal Aspects of the Panic of 1857,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton University, 1951, 80-85, 92-94, 118-20.
63
Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds.,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(New York: Macmillan, 1952), 359; Providence
Daily Tribune
, September 18, 1857; Newark
Daily Advertiser
, October 6, 9, 10, 1857.
Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds.,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(New York: Macmillan, 1952), 359; Providence
Daily Tribune
, September 18, 1857; Newark
Daily Advertiser
, October 6, 9, 10, 1857.
66
Ibid., 29.
Ibid., 29.
67
William W. Fowler,
Inside Life in Wall Street, or, How Great Fortunes are Lost and Won . . .
(New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), 133.
William W. Fowler,
Inside Life in Wall Street, or, How Great Fortunes are Lost and Won . . .
(New York: Benjamin Blom, 1971), 133.
68
Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine
37 (1857); James S. Gibbons,
The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857
(New York: D. Appleton, 1859), 2-10.
Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine
37 (1857); James S. Gibbons,
The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, the Clearing House, and the Panic of 1857
(New York: D. Appleton, 1859), 2-10.
69
James Cook, “Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Banking Department of the State of New York,” in U.S. House of Representatives,
Executive Document No. 77
and
Executive Document 107
, 35th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1858).
James Cook, “Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Banking Department of the State of New York,” in U.S. House of Representatives,
Executive Document No. 77
and
Executive Document 107
, 35th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1858).
71
George W. Van Vleck,
The Panic of 1857: An Analytic Study
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1942); Fishlow,
American Railroads
.
George W. Van Vleck,
The Panic of 1857: An Analytic Study
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1942); Fishlow,
American Railroads
.
72
James L. Huston, “Western Grains and the Panic of 1857,”
Agricultural History
57 (1983), 14-22, and his
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
James L. Huston, “Western Grains and the Panic of 1857,”
Agricultural History
57 (1983), 14-22, and his
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
73
Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine
37 (November 1857); Francis W. Gregory,
Nathan Appleton: Merchant and Entrepreneur, 1779-1861
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1975), 212.
Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine
37 (November 1857); Francis W. Gregory,
Nathan Appleton: Merchant and Entrepreneur, 1779-1861
(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1975), 212.
75
Larry Schweikart,
Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
Larry Schweikart,
Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
77
Ibid.
Ibid.
80
Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman,
Time on the Cross
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), got carried away with these efficiencies, claiming essentially that slaves worked harder and were more productive than free labor, and only under subsequent refinement was it clarified that this was due in large part to longer hours and to the “gang system” that only applied to physical field work. See Paul David, et al.,
Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of the American Negro
(New York: Oxford, 1976).
Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman,
Time on the Cross
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), got carried away with these efficiencies, claiming essentially that slaves worked harder and were more productive than free labor, and only under subsequent refinement was it clarified that this was due in large part to longer hours and to the “gang system” that only applied to physical field work. See Paul David, et al.,
Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of the American Negro
(New York: Oxford, 1976).
82
Ibid.
Ibid.
84
Ibid., 27.
Ibid., 27.
85
Ibid., table 2.4, 30.
Ibid., table 2.4, 30.
86
Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell,
A New Economic View of American History from Colonial Times to 1940
, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), ch. 11 and 12, passim; Fogel and Engerman,
Time on the Cross
; Claudia Goldin,
Urban Slavery in the American South
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell,
A New Economic View of American History from Colonial Times to 1940
, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), ch. 11 and 12, passim; Fogel and Engerman,
Time on the Cross
; Claudia Goldin,
Urban Slavery in the American South
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976).
89
See Fred Bateman, James Foust, and Thomas Weiss, “Profitability in Southern Manufacturing: Estimates for 1860,”
Explorations in Economic History
12 (1975): 211-31; and their “Large-Scale Manufacturing in the South and West, 1850-1860,”
Business History Review
15 (Spring 1971): 1-17; Robert W. Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).
See Fred Bateman, James Foust, and Thomas Weiss, “Profitability in Southern Manufacturing: Estimates for 1860,”
Explorations in Economic History
12 (1975): 211-31; and their “Large-Scale Manufacturing in the South and West, 1850-1860,”
Business History Review
15 (Spring 1971): 1-17; Robert W. Fogel,
Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).
91
George Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters
, ed. C. Vann Woodward (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1966).
George Fitzhugh,
Cannibals All! Or, Slaves Without Masters
, ed. C. Vann Woodward (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1966).
92
George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,”
Business History Review
70 (Autumn 1996): 363-401.
George Bittlingmayer, “Antitrust and Business Activity: The First Quarter Century,”
Business History Review
70 (Autumn 1996): 363-401.
93
George Bittlingmayer and Thomas W. Hazlett, “DOS
Kapital
: Has Antitrust Action Against Microsoft Created Value in the Computer Industry?”
Journal of Financial Economics
55 (2000): 329-59.
George Bittlingmayer and Thomas W. Hazlett, “DOS
Kapital
: Has Antitrust Action Against Microsoft Created Value in the Computer Industry?”
Journal of Financial Economics
55 (2000): 329-59.
95
Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,
A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 90-92.
Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen,
A Patriot’s History of the United States from Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006), 90-92.
96
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Section 7, June 12, 1776,
http://legis.state.va.us/Laws/Search/ConstitutionTOC.htm
.
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Section 7, June 12, 1776,
http://legis.state.va.us/Laws/Search/ConstitutionTOC.htm
.
97
Articles of Confederation,
Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1927), 27.
Articles of Confederation,
Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1927), 27.
99
Ibid., 27.
Ibid., 27.
100
Thomas Jefferson to William C. Jarvis, 1820, quoted in ibid.
CHAPTER 3Thomas Jefferson to William C. Jarvis, 1820, quoted in ibid.
1
Larry Schweikart,
America’s Victories: Why the U.S. Wins Wars and Will Win the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006).
Larry Schweikart,
America’s Victories: Why the U.S. Wins Wars and Will Win the War on Terror
(New York: Sentinel, 2006).
2
Janet Sharp Hermann, “Disaster Relief Then and Now,”
The Freeman
50 (May 2000),
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/disaster-relief-then-and-now/
.
Janet Sharp Hermann, “Disaster Relief Then and Now,”
The Freeman
50 (May 2000),
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/disaster-relief-then-and-now/
.
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
5
Ibid., 188-89.
Ibid., 188-89.
6
Ibid., 198.
Ibid., 198.
7
Ibid., 199.
Ibid., 199.
8
Ibid.
Ibid.
9
Larry Schweikart, “William R. Jones,” in Paul F. Pascoff, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Iron and Steel in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Facts on File, 1989); Joseph Wall,
Andrew Carnegie
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
Larry Schweikart, “William R. Jones,” in Paul F. Pascoff, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: Iron and Steel in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Facts on File, 1989); Joseph Wall,
Andrew Carnegie
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
11
Ibid., 209.
Ibid., 209.
12
Ibid., 226.
Ibid., 226.
13
Ibid., 230.
Ibid., 230.
14
Gary Kleppner,
Ohio and Its People
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989). Again, much of this material is from Peter Cajka’s unpublished paper, “The National Cash Register Company and the Neighborhoods: New Perspectives on Relief in the Dayton Flood of 1913,” 2009.
Gary Kleppner,
Ohio and Its People
(Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989). Again, much of this material is from Peter Cajka’s unpublished paper, “The National Cash Register Company and the Neighborhoods: New Perspectives on Relief in the Dayton Flood of 1913,” 2009.
15
Judith Sealander,
Grand Plans: Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio’s Miami Valley, 1890-1929
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 44-45.
Judith Sealander,
Grand Plans: Business Progressivism and Social Change in Ohio’s Miami Valley, 1890-1929
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 44-45.
16
Curt Dalton,
Through Flood, Through Fire: Personal Stories from Survivors of the Dayton Flood of 1913
(Dayton, OH: Mazer Corporation, 2001), 93-94.
Curt Dalton,
Through Flood, Through Fire: Personal Stories from Survivors of the Dayton Flood of 1913
(Dayton, OH: Mazer Corporation, 2001), 93-94.
18
Ibid., 47.
Ibid., 47.
22
“Restoration at Dayton Begins,”
Massachusetts Globe
, March 31, 1913, in Wright State University (WSU), Special Collections and Archives.
“Restoration at Dayton Begins,”
Massachusetts Globe
, March 31, 1913, in Wright State University (WSU), Special Collections and Archives.
27
Peter Cajka, “National Cash Register Company and the Neighborhoods: New Perspectives on Relief in the Dayton Flood of 1913,” July 1, 2009, unpublished paper in author’s possession, 32.
Peter Cajka, “National Cash Register Company and the Neighborhoods: New Perspectives on Relief in the Dayton Flood of 1913,” July 1, 2009, unpublished paper in author’s possession, 32.
28
“Disaster in Dayton.”
“Disaster in Dayton.”
31
Henry M. Leland to John H. Patterson, March 31, 1913, National Cash Register Company, Dayton, OH (NCR).
Henry M. Leland to John H. Patterson, March 31, 1913, National Cash Register Company, Dayton, OH (NCR).
32
Joseph Cauffiel to John H. Patterson, March 28, 1913, NCR.
Joseph Cauffiel to John H. Patterson, March 28, 1913, NCR.
34
“Disaster in Dayton.”
“Disaster in Dayton.”
36
Ibid., 81.
Ibid., 81.
37
Ibid., 50.
Ibid., 50.
38
Ibid., 58.
Ibid., 58.
41
John Edward Weems,
A Weekend in September: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, the Nation’s Deadliest Natural Disaster
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1993); Mary G. Ramos, “After the Great Storm: Galveston’s Response to the Hurricane of Sept. 8, 1900,”
The Texas Almanac
, 1989,
http://www.texasalmanac.com/history/highlights/storm/
.
John Edward Weems,
A Weekend in September: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, the Nation’s Deadliest Natural Disaster
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1993); Mary G. Ramos, “After the Great Storm: Galveston’s Response to the Hurricane of Sept. 8, 1900,”
The Texas Almanac
, 1989,
http://www.texasalmanac.com/history/highlights/storm/
.
42
Harold Evans, with Gail Buckland and David Lefer,
They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine; Two Centuries of Innovators
(New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 264.
Harold Evans, with Gail Buckland and David Lefer,
They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine; Two Centuries of Innovators
(New York: Little, Brown, 2004), 264.
43
Ibid., 265.
Ibid., 265.
44
Ibid.
Ibid.
46
Robin Lampson, “Man at His Best,”
The Freeman
38 (March 1988),
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/man-at-his-best/
.
Robin Lampson, “Man at His Best,”
The Freeman
38 (March 1988),
http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/man-at-his-best/
.
47
Ibid.
Ibid.
48
Ibid.
Ibid.
49
Andrew S. Mener, “ Disaster Response in the United States of America: An Analysis of the Bureaucratic and Political History of a Failing System,”
College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal
, University of Pennsylvania, 2007,
http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/63
, 5.
Andrew S. Mener, “ Disaster Response in the United States of America: An Analysis of the Bureaucratic and Political History of a Failing System,”
College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal
, University of Pennsylvania, 2007,
http://repository.upenn.edu/curej/63
, 5.
50
Ibid., 7.
Ibid., 7.
51
18 U.S.C. § 1385. “Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.”
18 U.S.C. § 1385. “Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.”
52
Amity Shlaes,
The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 150.
Amity Shlaes,
The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 150.
53
Ibid.
Ibid.
54
Burton Folsom, Jr.,
New Deal or Raw Deal: How FDR’s Economic Legacy Has Damaged America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).
Burton Folsom, Jr.,
New Deal or Raw Deal: How FDR’s Economic Legacy Has Damaged America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).
56
U.S. Code Congress and Administration Legislative History for PL 81-875 (1950), 4024; Rutherford H. Platt,
Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Disasters
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
U.S. Code Congress and Administration Legislative History for PL 81-875 (1950), 4024; Rutherford H. Platt,
Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Disasters
(Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999).
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