Nationalism and Culture (106 page)
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Authors: Rudolf Rocker
Tags: #General, #History, #Sociology, #Social Science, #Political Science, #Political Ideologies, #Culture, #Multicultural Education, #Nationalism and nationality, #Education, #Nationalism, #Nationalism & Patriotism
the way for the civil and military power of Napoleon, 172-176; fascism the last word in power politics, 240-249.
Praxiteles of Athens, 326, 361.
Presbyterians, The, 138.
Prescott, William, 545,
Price, Richard, 145, 146, 545.
Priestley, Joseph, 145, 146.
Prieto, General, 274.
Primo de Rivera, 33.
Procopius, 348, 349.
Propertius, 392.
Protagoras, 161, 352.
Protestantism: as the destroyer of the natural culture circle in Europe, lOO; its attitude toward revolutionary folk movements, 105, 109; a phase of princely absolutism in Germany, 103-105; in England, 106; in Bohemia, 106-109; ^^ Sweden, iio-lll; and science, 113-114; the belief in "God's written word," 114; and nationalism, 114.
Proudhon, P. J.: 23, 167, 176; and libertarian socialism, 230-233; denunciation of political centralization, 231; on federalism, 231; his struggle against dictatorship and the traditions of Jacobinism, 229-231, 432; his opposition to economic monopolism and political power, 432; against nationalism, 426-427; and Marx, 231, 234-235; his influence on the socialist movement in Europe, 232; against Mazzini and the unity of Italy, 426-427; 238, 239,
255, 397, 434, 5H, 5i9, 535, 545,
546. Ptolemy, 455. Ptolemy of Cyprus, 401. Pufendorf, Samuel, 142, 143. Puritans, The, 138-139. Pushkin, A., 320. Putiloff & Co., 267. Pym, John, 139. Pythagoras, 355, 454.
Quesnay, V., 450. Quinet, Edgar, 546. Quintilian, 358.
587
Rabelais, Frangois, 64, 131, 159, 281, 286, 347, 428, 430.
Race theories: and race research, 298; concerning the unity of the genus man, 299; concerning the concept of "race," 299-300; the alleged original races of Europe, 300-301; the discovery of the blood-groups, 301; the change of hereditary qualities by artificial experiments, 302-303; physical characteristics and mental capacities, 303; Gobineau's theory of the inequality of mankind, 303-307; history as a conflict of races, 305; revolution and democracy as signs of racial degeneration, 306; Gobineau's concept versus the nation, 306-307; a defense of seig-norial rights, 307; Chamberlain and its influence on the ruling caste of Germany, 307; the German as the creator of all culture, 308; Christ as a German, 310; Protestantism as a race religion, 309-310; Germandom and Jew-dom as opposite poles, 31O; the defender of political and social reaction, 311-312; Woltmann and his theory of Teutonic superiority, 313-314; physical characteristics of the bearers of German culture, 314; and heredity, 315-317; Giinther's concept of the "Nordic Man," 317; Gruber's racial picture of Hitler, 319; the power of acquired characteristics, 320-321 ; Clauss and the racial soul, 320; hunger and love, 320-321; race in the World War, 322; Lapouge's race fetishism, 322; the "Nordification" of the German nation, 323-325; rationalization of sexual intercourse, 323-324; the "Nordic Man" a wish concept, 324-327; the fear of the Jew, 327-328; hostility to the Alpine race, 328-329; the "Kismet of the blood" and its consequences, 329-331; men and ideas in the light of the racial theorists, 331-337; race and nation, 339; the ideology of modern reaction, 337-339—
Rachman, Abder, III, 413.
Racine, Jean, 287, 505.
Rafl^aelo, San?.io, 314, 422, 501.
Raleigh, Walter, 450.
Ranke, Leopold, 68, 546.
Ratzel, Friedrich, 343.
Reclus, Elie, 546.
Reclus, Elisee, 383, 545, 546.
Reformation: the social movements of the Middle Ages, 102-104; "Away from Rome," 104; economic and political motives, 104; Luther and the temporal rulers, 104-105; Wyclifi'e and the rebellious peasants in England, 106; Henry VIII breach with the Church, 106; in Bohemia, 106-109; Calixtines and Taborites, 107-108; Peter Checicky a prophet at the turn of time, 109; in Sweden, iio-lii; Gustavus Vasa and the Church, lio-lll; confiscation of church property, IIO; ud-risings of the Swedish peasantry, III.
Reinhold, Prof., 190.
Religion: and culture, 42-43; origin and development, 43-45; the sacrifice, 44, 45 ; the dependence of man on higher powers, 45; effect of terrestrial power on the character of religious consciousness, 46; and politics, 45-47; Moses and Hammurabi, 48; Caesaro-Papism in Egypt, 48-49; Brahmans and warriors, 49; the "Laws of Manu," 49; priesthood and the divine kingdom in Persia, 49-50; Fu-hi and the "Celestial empire," 50; the Mikado as the incarnation of the Godhead, 50; and Alexander of Macedon, 52; the Dala[-Lama, 5 I; the Sun-Papacy of Genghis Khan, 51; the Intipchuri of the Inca empire, 51; and Roman Caesarism, 52-53; power and priesthood, 54-55; absolute monarchy by "the grace of God," 54; and Rousseau, 57; Robespierre and the cult of the Supreme Being, 57-58; Mussolini and the Church, 59-60; Hitler and "German Christianity," 61; the "League of Russian Atheists" a religious movement, 61-62; in Greece, 352-353, 360-364; in the service of the Roman state, 383-384; and fascism, 250-252.
Rembrandt, H. van Rijn, 320, see Painting.
Remus, 376.
S88
INDEX
Renaissance, The: as the starting point of modern man, 94-95; the undermining of the church dogmas, 94; the rise of modern science, 94-95; the end of the "Respublica Christians," 95; the Janus-head of the Renaissance, 95-96; the revolt of the individual, 96-97; the "Master Man," 96-100; People becomes Mob, 99; the new political theology, 97-101.
Renter, Fritz, 293.
Renter, Dr., 330.
Revolution: of the communities, 90-92; and the liberation of industry, 119; in England, 120, 122; in France, 171-180, 431-432; the rise of new social forms in Europe, 173-178; influence of the French Revolution in Germany, 225-226; Landauer on the era of revolution as a result of lost social equilibrium, 518-519.
Richard III, of England, 120.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 124, 172, 429.
Riley, I. Woodbridge, 546.
Ripley, W. Z., 318.
Rittingshausen, M., 546.
Riviera, Diego, 515.
Riviere, Ch. de la, 450.
Robespierre, Maximilian, 57, 58, 59, 168, 169, 170, 172, 178, 179, 180, 187, 197, 334. 507, 508, 532.
Robinet, J. B., 463, 546.
Rogers, J. E. Thorold, 121, 546.
Roland, Marie Jeanne, 334.
Rome: prehistoric, 376-377; the Etruscans, 376-377; the City of Rome and its social organization, 377-378; Patricians and Plebeians, 378-379; as a political and military center, 379-380; conquest as a principle of state, 380; the nature of the Roman state, 380-381; the institution of dictatorship^ 380; the way to Caesarism, 380; from national-political unity to world dominion, 381-382; religion in the service of the state, 383-384; versus culture, 384-386; genuine Romanism versus the Hellenic spirit, 387; Invasion of Greek culture, 387-390; a nation of imitators, 388-389; and art, 389-390; contempt for labor, 390;
literature as an object of state, 390; the theater in Rome and Athens, 390, 391; the "Golden Age," 390-392; the Aeneid of Virgil, 392; the lament of Horace, 392; philosophy and science, 394-395; the Roman character as a "system of disciplined egoism," 395; conquest as a monitary transaction, 396; property and personality, 396-397; militarism, 399; the vampire of the world, 399-401; Roman law, 396-399; the decline of the Empire and its causes, 399-406; increasing influence of military leaders, 404-405; soldiery and peasantry, 402-403; the proletariat, 403-404; slave uprising s. 405-406; Caesarism and pretorianism, 404-406; degeneration and Christianity, 406-407; the "spirit of Rome," 406; Rome and Greece as symbols, 408-4 lO.
Romer, Olaf, 458.
Romulus, 376, 378.
Rops, F., 515.
Rosas, Juan Manuel, 274.
Rosenberg, Alfred, 192, 312, 319, 323, 338, 546.
Rosenkranz, Karl, 197.
Rosselli, Nemo, 546.
Rostovtzieff, M. I., 546.
Rousseau, J. J.: on religion, 57, 58, 158, 160; his Contract Social^ 162; the prophet of modern state reaction, 163; on the search for the "best constitution," 163; and the idea of the "common will," 163-164; and Hobbes, 163; the life of the citizen a gift of the state, 165; concepts of law and right, 164, 168; the change of human nature by the lawgiver, 165-166; and dictatorship, 170; 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 183, 215, 229, 320, 450, 507, 546.
Roux, W., 471.
Rubens, P. Paul, 505.
Rudolf, Richard, 323.
Russell, Bertrand, 546.
Russell, C. E., 546.
Sachs, Emanie, 546. Sachs, Hans, 286. Sacken, E. von, 546.
589
Saint Augustine: his City of God, 65, 66;
the change of Christianity to Catholicism, 66; the one Holy Church, 66;
the Pope as the mouthpiece of God,
66; divine law, 67, 68. Saint Hilaire, see Evolution. Saint Just, A. L. L., 170, 178, 179, 180,
508. Saint Peter: 68, 70. Saint Simon, Henri, 23, 198, 230, 253,
451, 546. Salivioli, J., 400. Salvemini, G., 546. Sand, Carl, 221. Sandfeld-Jensen, K., 288. Sandoval, P., 546. Sanson, Ch. H., 169. Sansovino, Andrea, 422. Sappho, 357. Sarto, Andrea del, 422. Sayce, A. H., 546. Schafer, H., 482, 483. Scharnhorst, G, J. D. von, 208, 211,
226. Scheffler, Karl, 476, 477, 479, 481,
501. Schelling, Friedrich, 154, 217. Schemann, Ludwig, 307. Schenkendorf, Max, 218, 225. Schiaparelli, G. V., 454. Schiller, Friedrich, 152, 155, 185, 222,
286, 314, 336, 368, 433, 475, 476. Schlegel, Friedrich, 54, 188, 222, 382. Schlegel, Wilhelm, 188, 222, 223. Schleicher, August, 290, 293. Schleiermacher, F, D, E., 188, 205, 211,
218, 276. Schliemann, H., 353. Schlosser, F. J., 395. Schlosser, R., 173. Schmidt, German M. P., 267. Schmidt, Johannes, 294. Schneider & Co., 265, 267. Schopenhauer, A., 314, 439. Schreber, Karl, 245. Schreiner, Christopher, 457. Schroder, Ch., 302. Schubert-Soldern, Victor, 546. Schulemann, G., 546. Schuster, F. M., 546. Scopas of Paros, 361.
Scott, Howard, 524.
Sects: Albigenses, 29, 70; Anabaptists, 103; Apostolic Brethren, 103; Beguines, 103; Beghards, 103; Bogomili, 103; Brethren of the Free Spirit, 103; Cathari, 103; Chiliasts, 65; Enthusiasts of Zwickau, 103; Gnostics, 65; Humiliati, 103; Lollards, 103; Mani-chaens, 65; Millenarianism, 102; Waldenses, 103.
Segantini, G., 515.
Segest, 73.
Semiramis, 151.
Seneca, 394.
Servetus, M., 112.
Servius, Tulliue, 379.
Sesostris, 151.
Seume, J. G., 154, 208, 255.
Severus, Roman Emperor, 405.
Sforza, Francesco, 97, 98.
Shaftesbury, Lord A., 142, 152.
Shakespeare, William, 287, 429.
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 147.
Sidney, Algernon, 139, 541, 546.
Sieyes, E. J., 173, 174, 175.
Sigismund, German Emperor, 108.
Simonides of Ceos, 358.
Simpson, F. M., 546.
Sisebut, King of the Visigoths, 411.
Sismondi, J. Ch., 546.
Smith, Adam, 121, 142, 451, 524, 546.
Snowden, Philip, 33.
Social Contract, see Rousseau.
Socialism: and socialists, and science, 28-28; Socialist parties during and after the war, 32-36; leaders and the economic crisis, 33; what it stands for, 228; influence of political ideas on the movement, 228-229; Babeuf's communism, 229; the Babouviste and their secret societies, 229; Blanqui and his idea of the "dictatorship .of the proletariat," 229; ideas of Louis Blanc and Pecqueur, 229-230; Saint Simon on government over men and administration of things, 230; the Saint Simonists and the idea of social Theocracy, 230; Fourier and his theory of "attractive labor" and communal liberty, 230; Cabet's Icarian communism,
INDEX
230; Robert Owen and his influence on English trades unionism and the cooperative movement, 230; Proudhon's libertarian ideas and his influence on the labor movement, 230-232; the First International: its theories and activities, 230-234; the Paris Commune, 233; the introduction of parliamentary action by Marx and Engels, 234; Lassalle's flirtation with "social kingdom," 235-236; development of the modern labor parties and the degeneration of socialist ideas, 235; and dictatorship, 237-238; authoritarian or libertarian, 237-239.
Socrates, 320, 352, 356, 367, 387, 393, 507.
Sombart, Werner, 3 20.
Sonnenfels, J., 450.
Sophists, The, 128, 356.
Sophocles, 326, 347, 358, 359, 367, 387, 390.
Sorel, Albert, 546.
Sorel, Georges, 178, 547.
Souday, Paul, 314.
Southey, R., 147,
Spain: Visigothic feudalism, 410; persecution of the Jews under Sisebut, 411; beginning of the Moorish civilization, 411; the leading country of economic progress and social culture, 411-413; political decentralization, 413-414; the "taifas," 414; political decay and the zenith of Moorish culture, 414; social conditions in the Christian states, 414-417; the "fueros" and autonomy of the municipalities, 415-416; the ascendancy of the cities and development of industry, science and art, 30, 417; the Cortes, 416; the war between Cross and Crescent, 414-415; rise of clerical monarchism and expulsion of the Moors and Jews, 30-31, 122-123, 417-4195 the Inquisition, 417-418; the conquest of Peru and Mexico, 32, 123, 418; the suppression of municipal freedom by absolutism, 30, 122, 418; "Comuneros" and "Germanias," 418; decline of civilization under the reign of despotism and the Church, 122-123, 418-420; the "mesta" and the appropria—
tion of communal lands, 122-123; the introduction of the "alcavala" under Philip II, 123; the fight of a heroic people against fascism, 534-535.
Spann, Othmar, 330.
Spartacus, 405, 406.
Spencer, Herbert, 147, 241, 547, 548; see also Evolution.
Spengler, Oswald, 435, 547.
Spinoza, B., 462.
Spirito, Ugo, 547.
Spooner, Lysander, 547.
Sprading, Ch. T., 547.
Springer, B., 325.
Stalin, Joseph, 531, 532, 533, 547.
State, The: and the division of society into castes and classes, 79-80; Aristotle's theory of the State, 81; and community, 81-85; Nietzsche on the "culture State," 83; as preserver of barbarism, 84; as "protector" of legal right, 87-89; the fairy tale of as the furtherer of cultural development, 11 5-116; t4ie rise of absolutism and decline of culture in Europe, 116-125; supervision of industry, 118, 119-122; suppression of the guilds and the regimentation of production, 119-121; creator of economic monopolies, 120-122; and liberalism, 144-148; and democracy, 170-172; prefecture of the State versus local administration, 171 ; sacrifice of the citizen, 171-172; and society, 200-201; and folk, 200-202; as a political church, 202; Adam Miiller and the concept of romanticism, 224; Haller's neo-absolutism, 224; the constitutional system, 447-448; the nature of political parties, 448-449; the parliamentary machine, 449; and economic individualism, 450-451; the national state and the collapse of the old community, 518-519; toward the totalitarian state of fascism, 242-243; what the political machine has cost us, 527-529; a history of human oppression and intellectual disfranchisement, 529; liberation of society from, 535.
Status, 392,
Stauf, Ph., 335.
StefFens, Heinrich, 222.
591
Stein, Carl von, 207, 208, 209, 210, 218, 220, 223, 314.
Stein, Ludwig, 342.
Steinlen, Th., 515.
Steinthal, H., 436, 437, 547.
Slerne, Laurence, 154.
Stevin of Brugge, 457.
Stewart, Balfour, 459.
Stilpos, 357.
Stinnes, Hugo, 244, 261, 262, 263, 264.
Stirner, Max, 547.
Stoics, The, 129, 356, 394.
Stokes, G., 459.
Stoltze, F., 293.
Stossel, General, 330.
Slrasser, Vera, 340, 547.
Streicher, Julius, 319, 387.
Stresemann, Gustav, 262, 263.
Strindberg, August, 320.
Strobe], H., 547.
Stroganoff, Count, 153.
Strszygowski, J., 388.
Struensee, Karl von, 188.
Stuarts, The, 54, 120, 139, 434.
Sture, Sten, 110.
Style Theories: their advantages and their shortcomings, 475-481; see also Architecture, Art, Painting.
Suarez, Francisco, 133.
Suetonius, 547
Sully, 450.
Siissmilch, J. P., 450.
Swift, Jonathan, 154.
Sygarius: 76.
Taborlts, The, see Hussites.
Tacitus, 74.
Tagore, Rabindranath, 252, 408, 409,
547-Taine, H., 337, 360, 361, 365, 386,
547-Tarik, 411.
Tarquinus Superbus, 377. Taylor, Fred, 247, 443, 444. Tchernoff, J., 547. Telesio, Bernardo, 461. Temple, W., 142, 450. Terence, 391. Tcrpondros, 357. Tertullian, 67. Thales, 355, 454.
Themistocles, 366, 367.
Theodoric, 73.
Theodorus the atheist, 352.
Thespis of Icaryon, 358, 387.
Thierry, Augustin, 547.
Thiersch, F., 220.
Thomasius, Ch., 142, 143.
Thompson, William, 230.
Thoreau, H. D., 149, 547.
Thucydides, 367.
Thusnelda, 73.
Thyssen, Fritz, 244, 264, 266, 267.
Tibullus, 392.
Tieck, Ludwig, 222.
Tilsit treaty, 209.
Tisserant, F., 459.
Titian, Vicellio, 422.
Tivaroni, C, 547.
Tocqueville, A., 547.
Tolstoi, L., 320, 547.
Totemism: 44.
Toulmin-Smith, J., 547.
Tower, W. L., 302.
Trajan, 404.
Traumann, R., 547.
Treitschke, H., 206.
Treviranus, 464.
Trolle, Gustavus, iio.
Trotsky, Leon, 531, 532, 547.
Tsongkapa, 5 i.
Tucker, Benjamin R., 539, 545.
Tudors, The, i 20.
Turgot, E. R. J., 450.
Twain, Mark, 5 16.
Tyler, Wat, 106.
Ular, Alexander, 51, 55, 547. Ulloa, Bernardo, 450. Urales, Federico, 547. Urban VIII, Pope, 124. Ustariz, Jeronimo, 450. Utraquists, The, see Hussites.
\'andals. The, 74, 295, 326, 348.
Van Gogh, V., 515.
Varo, Michel, 457.
Varus, 73.
Vasa, Gustavus, no, in.
Vasari, G., 477.
Vatter, Ernst, 302.
Velsen, 262.
Vera y Gonzalez, E., 547.
Vergniaud, P. M., 178.
Verne, Prof., 250.
Verrocchio, Andrea, 422, 501.
Vespucci, Amerigo, 131.
Vickers, A., 267, 268.
Vice, G. B., 462.
Victor Emmanuel, of Italy, 60, 243.
Vidal P., see Socialism.
Vierkandt, A., 288.
Villier de I'Isle-Adam, 516.
Villon, Frangois, 347, 428.
Virgil, 53, 382, 392.
Visigoths, The, see Spain.
Voegler, Albert, 262.
Vogl, Carl, 104, 540, 548.
Vogt, Carl, 467.
Volney, C. P., 54.
Voltaire, P., 142, 157, 158, 159, 34O,
450, 462, 548. Vrehse, E., 157.
Waddel, L. A., 548.
Wagner, Richard, 307, 308, 336, 396,
433, 548—
Waldenses, see Sects.
Wallace, A. R., see Evolution.
Wallenstein, Albrecht, 123, 124.
Walther von der Vogelweide, 286.
War industries: Patriotismus as a business, 265; the "Bloody International," 265-268; the conspiracy against the peoples, 267-268; corruption of the press, 267; and the "League of Nations," 268.
Wars: World, 36, 231; and capitalism, 446; Archidamian, 352; Persian, 368-371; Peloponnesian, 371; Punic, 386, 387, 400, 403; between Cross and Crescent, 31, 93; Huguenot, 116; Hussite, 108; peasant, 103, 105; Thirty Years, 116, 124; Seven Years, 237; Napoleonic, 207-212; of "liberation," 2II-2I2; Pranco-German', 234.