Making War to Keep Peace (49 page)

154. Keith B. Richburg, citing the U.S. ambassador to Somalia, Daniel Simpson, “Somalia Slips Back to Bloodshed; Anarchy, Death Toll Grow as UN Mission Winds Down,”
Washington Post
, September 4, 1994.

155. William J. Clinton, Remarks to the 49th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 26, 1994.

3. HAITIANS' RIGHT TO DEMOCRACY?

1. Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Ratner, “Saving Failed States,”
Foreign Policy
89 (Winter 1992–1993): 3.

2. Madeleine K. Albright, “The Testing of American Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
77, no. 6 (November/December 1998): 51.

3. Ibid., 52.

4. OAS-AG/RES. 1080 (XXI-0/91), June 5, 1991.

5. “Independent Haiti,” Library of Congress Country Studies, December 1989, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html.

6. World Bank,
Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction
, Report 17242-HA, Vol. 1 (August 1998): 14.

7. François “Papa Doc” Duvalier was Haiti's president from 1957 until 1971; he was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier, who was president from 1971 until he was ousted in 1986.

8. Aristide won about 67 percent of the vote; his closest competitor, Marc Bazin, in a field of about a dozen candidates, received only 14 percent. About 50 percent of registered voters turned out for the election. See Economist Intelligence Unit,
Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico: Country Profile, 1991–92
(London: Business International Limited, 1991), 32; Henry F. Carey, “Electoral Observation and Democratization in Haiti,” quoted in Kevin J. Middlebrook, ed.,
Electoral Observation and Democratic Transitions in Latin America
(San Diego: University of California, 1998), 147–148.

9. World Bank, Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction, 14.

10. Ibid.

11. Maureen Taft-Morales, “Haiti: Issues for Congress,”
CRS Issue Brief for Congress
(Congressional Research Service: Library of Congress), August 1, 2001, 8; International Monetary Fund,
Haiti: Selected Issues
, Report 01/04, (January 2001): 51.

12. IMF. Haiti: Selected Issues, 51.

13. EIU Country Profile 2000: Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico (London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2000), 42.

14. Taft-Morales, “Haiti: Issues for Congress,” 8.

15. Ibid.

16. World Bank, Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction, 21.

17. Ibid.

18. Accounts in U.S. media indicate that several influential Americans with ties to the Clinton administration's policies in Haiti have reaped profits from financial ties established when that administration was making policy. Telephone service is one example. See “Haitian Connections: How Clinton's Cronies Cashed in on Foreign Policy,”
Wall Street Journal
, May 29, 2001.

19. Editorial Desk, “Haiti's Disappearing Democracy,”
New York Times
, November 28, 2000; House Committee on International Relations, “Gilman, Helms, and Goss Issue Statement on Haitian Election,” 106th Congress, December 8, 2000; Rep. Porter Goss originally sponsored a bill “condemning the irregular interruption of the democratic political institutional process in Haiti” on March 8, 1999. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi=bin/bdquery/D?d106:7:./temp/~bdUEGI:@@@L&summ2=m&.

20. World Bank, Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction, 14.

21. In classified congressional briefings in October 1993, the CIA provided an analysis and psychological profile of Aristide that suggested he was mentally unstable, violent, and used medication to treat depression and severe mood swings. In December 1993,
Miami Herald
reporter Christopher Marquis wrote an article claiming to disprove allegations that Aristide had received psychiatric treatment in Canada and concluding that the CIA report was false. See Steven A. Holmes, “Administration Is Fighting Itself on Haiti Policy,”
New York Times
, October 23, 1993; Christopher Marquis, “CIA Report on Aristide Was False; He Did Not Undergo Psychiatric Treatment,”
Miami Herald
, December 2, 1993; Mark Danner, “The Fall of the Prophet,”
New York Review of Books
, December 2, 1993 (see also Danner, “Haiti on the Verge,
New York Review of Books
, November 4, 1993, and “The Prophet,”
New York Review of Books
, November 18, 1993); David Malone,
Decision-Making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 98.

22. Danner, “Haiti on the Verge,”
New York Review of Books
, November 4, 1993.

23. Lally Weymouth, “Haiti's Suspect Savior: Why President Aristide's Return from Exile May Not Be Good News,”
Washington Post
, January 24, 1993; see also Malone,
Decision-Making in the UN Security Council
, 61; “The Clever Soldiers of Haiti,”
The Economist
, October 12, 1991.

24. For one account of this episode, see Danner, “The Fall of the Prophet.”

25. Charles Lane, with Peter Katel, Tim Padgett, Ann McDaniel, and Daniel Glick, “Haiti: Why the Coup Matters,”
Newsweek
, October 14, 1991.

26. Lee Hockstader, “Critics of Exiled Haitian President Focus on His Concept of Justice,”
Washington Post
, October 7, 1991; Mark Falcoff, “What ‘Operation Restore Democracy' Restored,”
Commentary
101, no. 5 (May 1996): 45.

27. Henry F. Carey, “Electoral Observation and Democratization in Haiti,”
148. In a speech to his Lavalas followers, Aristide said, “Alone, we are weak; Together, we are strong; Together, we are the flood; The flood of poor peasants and poor soldiers, The flood of the poor jobless multitudes…the flood of all our poor friends…. Let the Flood descend!”(Danner, “The Fall of the Prophet,” 44). Danner wrote, “Lavalas is a Creole word rich in connotations; [it] evokes not only ‘flood,' as it is usually translated but its near cognate, ‘avalanche'; for poor Haitians, the word evokes the image of the sweeping rains that spawn the torrents that course through the enormous slums…an image that transformed the poor millions of Haiti into a surging wave that could not be forestalled, a revolution that was unstoppable and inevitable”(Danner, “The Fall of the Prophet,” 46).

28. Georges A. Fauriol, “The Military and Politics in Haiti,” in Georges A. Fauriol, ed.,
Haitian Frustrations: Dilemmas for U.S. Policy
(Washington, DC: CSIS, 1995), 22–23.

29. Ibid.

30. Thomas L. Friedman, “U.S. Suspends Assistance to Haiti and Refuses to Recognize Junta,”
New York Times
, October 2, 1991.

31. SG/SM/4627 HI/4 of October 1, 1991; quoted in Malone,
Decision-Making in the UN Security Council
, 63.

32. Malone,
Decision-Making in the UN Security Council
, 63, 209.

33. “Remarks by United States Secretary of State James Baker before the Organization of American States Meeting on the Situation in Haiti, Washington, DC,”
Federal News Service
, October 2, 1991.

34. OAS-MRE/RES 1/91.

35. Executive Order 12775, “Prohibiting Certain Transactions with Respect to Haiti,”
Public Papers of the Presidents,
October 4, 1991 (published in the
Federal Register
, October 7, 1991).

36. “The President's News Conference,”
Public Papers of the Presidents
, October 4, 1991.

37. James A. Baker III,
The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992
(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), 602.

38. See Malone,
Decision-Making in the UN Security Council
, 65.

39. Ibid, 259.

40. OAS-MRE/RES 2/91.

41. MRE/RES 1/91 and MRE/RES 1/92; A/RES/46/7 of October 11, 1991.

42. Lee Hockstader, “Haitian Premier: If Aristide Returns, He's a Dead Duck; Embargo Will Mean Civil War,”
Washington Post
, October 25, 1991; Howard W. French, “U.S. Will Impose a Trade Ban on Haiti,”
New York Times
, October 30, 1991.

43. John M. Goshko, “Bush Strengthens Curb on Haiti Trade,”
Washington Post
, October 30, 1991.

44. Lee Hockstader, “Embargo of Haiti at Issue,”
Washington Post
, November
27, 1991; Canute James, “Executives Urge End to Haiti Trade Ban,”
Journal of Commerce
, December 6, 1991; Carla Anne Robbins, Robin Knight, and Peter Green, “A Diplomatic Stalemate Leaves the Haitian Poor Adrift,”
U.S. News & World Report
, December 9, 1991.

45. Howard W. French, “Sanctions Said to Fuel Haitian Exodus by Sea,”
New York Times
, November 23, 1991.

46. Ibid.

47. Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Hurting Haiti's Poorest,”
Washington Post
, December 9, 1991, editorial; page A21.

48. Associated Press, May 30, 1992.

49. OAS-MRE/RES 3/92. The same resolution, of May 17, 1992, recommended that members deny visa privileges and freeze the assets of the Haitian military commanders in power.

50. “Statement by President George Bush on the Haitian Trade Embargo,”
Federal News Service
, May 28, 1992.

51. Lori Fisler Damrosch, ed.,
Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts
(New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993), 17.

52. Damrosch,
Enforcing Restraint
, 375.

53. Elizabeth D. Gibbons,
Sanctions in Haiti: Human Rights and Democracy under Assault
(Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies/ Praeger, 1999), 110–111.

54. David Binder, “Clinton Urges Haitian Leader to Appoint a New Premier,”
New York Times
, July 23, 1993.

55. Elizabeth Drew estimated the number of attachés at between forty and sixty. See Elizabeth Drew,
On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency
(New York: Touchstone, 1995), 333.

56. Dan Balz and Richard Morin, “Public Losing Confidence in Clinton Foreign Policy,”
Washington Post
, May 17, 1994.

57. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Invade Haiti?”
Baltimore Sun
, May 24, 1994.

58. The Friends of the Secretary-General for Haiti, a group of countries charged with special responsibility for shaping Security Council policy toward Haiti, included Canada, France, the United States, and Venezuela, and later Argentina (from 1994) and Chile (from 1996).

59. See Gibbons,
Sanctions in Haiti
, 11.60. William Schneider, “The Carterization of Bill Clinton,”
National Journal
, October 1, 1994.

61. President Clinton's Address to the Nation on the Situation in Haiti,
Federal News Service
, September 15, 1994.

62. Poll results cited in “This Week with David Brinkley,”
ABC News
, Septem
ber 18, 1994; “Majority of U.S. Voters Opposed to Invasion of Haiti,”
ABC News: World News Sunday
, September 18, 1994.

63. After U.S. troops landed in Haiti, a poll taken on September 19 showed 52 percent opposed (Michael R. Kagay, “Occupation Lifts Clinton's Standing in Poll, But Many Americans Are Skeptical,”
New York Times
, September 21, 1994).

64. The forces included approximately 1,300 troops to guard vital installations, 600 police monitors, and 100 police trainers (Steven Greenhouse, “Showdown in Haiti,”
New York Times
, September 19, 1994).

65. Greenhouse, “Showdown in Haiti.”

66. Thomas M. Franck, “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance,”
American Journal of International Law
86 (1992): 46.

67. Ibid.

68. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Is Democracy an Entitlement?”
Washington Post
, September 12, 1994.

69. Helman and Ratner, “Saving Failed States,” 10.

70. Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, “The Responsibility to Protect,”
Foreign Affairs
(November/December 2002): 99–110.

71. Helman and Ratner, “Saving Failed States,” 3.

72. Ibid., 12.

73. Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Why It's Smart to Bet on a Haiti Invasion,”
Los Angeles Times
, August 21, 1994.

74. The agreement was also called the Carter-Cédras Accord.

75. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “The Theory and Practice of Clintonism,” in Jeane Kirkpatrick, Jacqueline Tillman, et al.,
Security and Insecurity: A Critique of Clinton Policy at Mid-Term
(Washington, DC: Empower America, 1994).

76. Greenhouse, “Showdown in Haiti.”

77. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Peacekeeping: Go Easy,”
New York Post
, May 9, 1995.

78. Kenneth T. Walsh, Bruce B. Auster, and Tim Zimmerman, “Good Cops, Bad Cops,”
U.S. News & World Report
, September 26, 1994.

79. See Kenneth J. Cooper and Helen Dewar, “Congress Urges ‘Prompt' Troop Withdrawal from Haiti,”
Washington Post
, October 7, 1994.

80. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “The Theory and Practice of Clintonism.”

81. Adapted from Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Clinton at Mid-Term,” in Jeane Kirkpatrick, Jacqueline Tillman, et al.,
Security and Insecurity
.

82. S/1995/305, “Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Haiti,” April 13, 1995, documents the composition of UNMIH troops and UNMIH civilian police.

83. Tara Sonenshine, “What's Going Right in Haiti?”
Washington Times
, March 7, 1995.

84. See Larry Rohter, “February 19–25: Taking Charge; Haiti Cripples Its Army and Schedules Its Elections,”
New York Times
, February 26, 1995.