Read Making War to Keep Peace Online
Authors: Jeane J. Kirkpatrick
Making War to Keep Peace (46 page)
38. On December 31, 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved into fifteen separate countries, Russia, the largest one of these, was the Soviet Union's successor in the UN Security Council and other international organizations.
39. President George Bush, “Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, September 23, 1991, 1324.
40. Gerald Butt, “Iraq Showing No Signs of Relaxing Grip on Kuwait,”
Daily Telegraph
, August 11, 1990.
41. Aleksandr Yakovlev, August 20, 1990, on Moscow television.
42. Senator Sam Nunn, 102nd Congress (January 11, 1991),
Congressional Record
137, pts.6-8:S190.
43. Senator George Mitchell, 102nd Congress (January 10, 1991),
Congressional Record
137, pts. 6-8:S102.
44. Senator Claiborne Pell, Ibid., S125.
45. Vice President Dan Quayle, “America's Objectives in the Persian Gulf,” Address at Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, November 29, 1990; U.S. Department of State Dispatch, December 10, 1990, 310.
46. Richard M. Nixon, “Why,”
New York Times
, January 6, 1991. Also, Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Turn Saddam Back,”
Washington Post
, December 17, 1990.
47. Nixon, “Why.”
48. “Speech by Saddam Hussein on the 70th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Iraqi Army,” Baghdad Domestic Service, in Arabic, 0805 GMT, January 6, 1991. Also, Ofra Bengio,
Saddam Speaks on the Gulf Crisis
(Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 1992), 156, 159.
49.
Al Qadisiya
, January 5, 1991.
50. “Text of Appeal by the General Secretariat of the Popular Islamic Conference Organization,” Baghdad, Republic of Iraq Radio, 1734 GMT, January 18, 1991.
51. Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Fantasies That Doomed Saddam,”
Washington Post
, January 20, 1991.
52. Ibid. The Koran passage is from
The Book of the Pilgrimage
, verse 39.
53. Ibid.
54. Judith Miller, citing Iraqi information minister Latif Jassem, “Iraq's Seesaw Diplomacy: Threats and Entreaties,”
New York Times
, October 17, 1990. Also, Judith Miller, “Mideast Tensions: King Hussein on Kuwait and Dashed Hope,”
New York Times
, October 16, 1990; Jeane Kirkpatrick, “The Threat Must Be Real,”
Washington Post
, October 22, 1990.
55. Jim Wolf, “U.S. Rejects Any Deal Letting Iraq Hang on to Part of Kuwait,”
Reuters
, PM Cycle, October 17, 1990.
56. Carl von Clausewitz,
On War
(Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1968), 111. Also, Kirkpatrick, “The Threat Must Be Real.”
57. von Clausewitz,
On War
, 104. Also, Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Will We Liberate Kuwait?”
Washington Post
, November 12, 1990.
58. Eliot Cohen, “Iraq: Why and How the U.S. Should Strike,”
Commentary
90, no. 5 (November 1990): 27.
59. George H. W. Bush, “Why We Are in the Gulf,”
Newsweek
, November 26, 1990, 28.
60. George Bush, “State of the Union Address,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, January 29, 1991, 90.
61. Hoffman, David, “Baker Wants UN to Approve Force; More Tank Divisions to Be Deployed,”
Washington Post
, November 8, 1990.
62. George Bush, “Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, January 16, 1991, 50.
63. Baker,
Politics of Diplomacy
, 278â281, 305.
64. Daniel O. Graham, “Q: Should the U.S. Build a Space-Based Missile Defense? Yes: Only a Space-Borne System Can Counter Missile Threats,”
Insight on the News
, September 11, 1995, p. 18. Also, “Patriot Missiles Ineffective During Gulf War, Analysis Claims,”
United Press International
, January 28, 1993.
65. Alan Riding, “Confrontation in the Gulf,”
New York Times
, January 1, 1991.
66. Senator Sam Nunn, Hearings of the Senate Armed Services Committee, “Persian Gulf Crisis,” 27â28 November 1990.
67. George Bush, “Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf,” 50.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Donald Kagan, “The General's War: Book Review,”
Commentary
99, no. 6 (June 1995): 41, citing Laurence Freedman and Efram Karsh,
The Gulf Conflict, 1990â1991: Diplomacy and the New World Order
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
71. Charles Lane, “The Legend of Colin Powell,”
New Republic
, April 17, 1995, 70.
72. George Bush, “Kuwait Is Liberated,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, February 27, 1991, 224c.
73. Elie Kedourie, “Iraq: The Mystery of American Policy,”
Commentary
91, no. 6 (June 1991): 15â19, 17.
74. John Kelly, assistant secretary of state, Near East and South Asian affairs, Hearing of the Europe and Middle East Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, June 26, 1991. Kelly also stated,
The United Nations, in all of the resolutions it passed with regard to Iraq and the debate and vote in the American Congress on authorizing the use of force against Iraq, set as their goals the liberation of Kuwait, the restoration of the legal government of Kuwait, and a return to peace and stability in the area. Neither in the UN debates nor in other enunciations of military objectives was the conquest of Baghdad or of the removal of Saddam Hussein enunciated as an objective.
75.
McNeil/Lehrer NewsHour
(March 27, 1991). Schwarzkopf continued: “And the President, you know, made the decision that we should stop at a given time, at a given place. That did leave some escape routes open for them to get back out and I think that it was a very humane decision and a very courageous decision on his part also.”
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(Knopf: New York, 1998), 487.
79. George Bush, “A Question of Policy.”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, March 27, 1991, 369.
80. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 482.
81. Ibid., 483.
82. Ibid., 486â487.
83. Ibid., 488â490.
84. Col. David H. Hackworth, “The Snake That Slithered Off for Another Day,”
Palm Beach Post
, September 15, 1996.
85. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 487.
86. Max Van der Stoel, special rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, “Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Iraq,” prepared in accordance with Commission Resolution 1991/74, February 18, 1992, paragraph 100, p. 28.
87. Ibid., paragraphs 100, 104, pp. 28â29.
88. Ibid., paragraph 152, p. 64.
89. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (S/Res/688), April 5, 1991.
90. See Charter of the United Nations, Article 2(4).
91. UN Security Council Resolution 688 “On Repression of Iraqi Civilians”
The Security Council,
Mindful of its duties and its responsibilities under the Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of international peace and security,
Recalling Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter of the United Nations,
Gravely concerned by the repression of the Iraqi civilian population in many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish populated areas which led to a massive flow of refugees toward and across international frontiers and to cross border incursions, which threaten international peace and security in the region,
Deeply disturbed by the magnitude of the human suffering involved,
Taking note of the letters sent by the representatives of Turkey and France to the United Nations dated 2 April 1991 and 4 April 1991, respectively (S/22435 and S/22442),
Taking note also of the letters sent by the Permanent Representative of the
Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations dated 3 and 4 April 1991, respectively (S/22436 and S/22447),
Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of Iraq and of all States in the area,
Bearing in mind the Secretary-General's report of 20 March 1991 (S/22366),
Condemns the repression of the Iraqi civilian population in many parts of Iraq, including most recently in Kurdish populated areas, the consequences of which threaten international peace and security in the region;
Demands that Iraq, as a contribution to removing the threat to international peace and security in the region, immediately end this repression and expresses the hope in the same context that an open dialogue will take place to ensure that the human and political rights of all Iraqi citizens are respected;
Insists that Iraq allow immediate access by international humanitarian organizations to all those in need of assistance in all parts of Iraq and to make available all necessary facilities for their operations;
Requests the Secretary-General to pursue his humanitarian efforts in Iraq and to report forthwith, if appropriate on the basis of a further mission to the region, on the plight of the Iraqi civilian population, and in particular the Kurdish population, suffering from the repression in all its forms inflicted by the Iraqi authorities;
Requests further the Secretary-General to use all the resources at his disposal, including those of the relevant United Nations agencies, to address urgently the critical needs of the refugees and displaced Iraqi population;
Appeals to all Member States and to all humanitarian organizations to contribute to these humanitarian relief efforts
Demands that Iraq cooperate with the Secretary-General to these ends;
Decides to remain seized of the matter.
92. William Drozdiak, “Europeans to Press Bush to Back Enclave Plan, EC Responds to Outrage Over Kurds' Plight,”
Washington Post
, April 11, 1991.
93. George Bush, “Remarks at Maxwell AFB War College, Montgomery, Alabamba,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, April 13, 1991, 431.
94. George Bush, “Address to the United Nations General Assembly in New York City,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
28, September 21, 1992, 1697.
95. Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, 491â492.
96. UN Department of Public Information,
The Blue Helmets, A Review of United Nations' Peacekeeping
, 18 UN Doc. DPI/1065, Sales No. E.90 I.18 (1990), Part I, pp. 5â7.
97. UN Security Council Resolution 688 (S/Res/688), April 5, 1991.
98. UN Security Council Resolution 794 (S/Res/794), December 3, 1992.
99. UN Security Council Resolution 687, (S/Res/687), April 3, 1991.
100. Thomas Pickering, United Nations press release, “Security Council Says Iraq's Unconditional Agreement to Implement Obligations of Resolutions Essential Precondition for Reconsideration of Sanctions,”
Federal News Service
, February 19, 1992. Also, John M. Goshko, “UN Charges Iraq with Violations: New Confrontation Over Arms Looms,”
Washington Post
, March 12, 1992.
101. Rowan Scarborough and Frank J. Murray, “Iraq Backs Down, Allows Inspections; Bush Keeps Pressure High,”
Washington Times
, July 27, 1992.
102. See Article III, “Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,” International Atomic Energy Agency Information Circular. April 22, 1970. http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc140.pdf. Also, “Statue of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),” July 29, 1957, Article XII, Agency Safeguards, which states:
A. With respect to any Agency Project, or other arrangement where the Agency is requested by the parties concerned to apply safeguards, the Agency shall have the following rights and responsibilities to the extent relevant to the project of arrangement:â¦6. To send into the territory of the recipient state or States inspectors, designated by the Agency
after consultation with the State or States concernedâ¦and with any other conditions prescribed in the agreement between the Agency and the State or States concerned
. [Emphasis added.]
Iraq has consistently violated the terms of Section A6 of Article XII, which states, “Inspectors designated by the Agency shall be accompanied by representatives of the authorities of the State concerned, if that State so requests,
provided that the inspectors shall not thereby be delayed or otherwise impeded in the exercise of their functions
.” [Emphasis added.] In Resolution 687 on April 3, 1991, the Security Council charged the IAEA with identifying and destroying Iraq's nuclear weapons capabilities.
103. See “IAEA Statute,” Article IV, Membership and Article VI, Board of Governors.
104. George Bush, “Annual State of the Union Address,”
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
27, January 29, 1991, 90.
105. Lawrence Martin, “Peacekeeping as a Growth Industry,”
National Interest
, no. 32 (Summer 1993).
2. SAVING SOMALIA
1. Barry M. Blechman and Tamara Cofmen Wittes,
Defining Moment: The Threat and Use of Force in American Foreign Policy Since 1989
, Committee on International Conflict Resolution, Occasional Paper No 1. (Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1998).
2. Joel S. Migdal described the characteristics of such “states” in his book
Strong Societies and Weak States: State Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988). Migdal's model and description resemble the pattern of political development offered in Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell,
Comparative Politics, a Developmental Approach
(Boston: Little Brown, 1966), and other studies in that series. However, Migdal focused sharply on state/society boundaries, interactions, and development. In fact, such states were less “failed” than weak.