James Madison: A Life Reconsidered (69 page)

37
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
234.

38
. Brant,
Madison,
5:273;
PMP,
3:255–63, “Memorandum on Robert Smith,” ca. April 11, 1811.

39
. Gilmer Correspondence, Eliza Trist to Mary Gilmer, Sept. 1, 1808;
PMP,
3:250, 2:95–96, from Jefferson, April 7, 1811, and Nov. 30, 1809; Brant,
Madison,
5:283–85.

40
. Brant,
Madison,
5:304–5.

41
. Ketcham,
Madison,
514; Henry Adams,
Madison,
325–26, 338–39.

42
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
313–17; Hickey,
War of 1812,
22; Brant,
Madison,
5:331.

43
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
321; Brant,
Madison,
5:332, 479;
PMP,
3:390, to Henry Dearborn, ca. July 23, 1811; Coles, “Letters” 163, to William Rives, Jan. 21, 1856.

44
. Pierre M. Irving,
Life and Letters,
1:263;
PMP,
2:419, to Jefferson, July 17, 1810; 2:439, to Paul Hamilton, July 26, 1810; 3:392, “Presidential Proclamation,” July 24, 1811;
PDM
, to Ruth Barlow, Nov. 15, 1811.

45
. Clay,
Papers,
1:498, to Monroe, Nov. 13, 1810; 1:449, “Speech on Proposed Repeal of Non-intercourse Act,” Feb. 22, 1810.

46
. Wiltse,
John C. Calhoun,
16; William Henry Smith,
Speakers of the House of Representatives,
70–71; Heller,
Democracy’s Lawyer,
21.

47
.
PMP,
3:535–38, from Gallatin, memorandum, ca. Nov. 1, 1811; 4:1–5, “Annual Message to Congress,” Nov. 5, 1811; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
4, 31; Coles,
War of 1812,
34.

48
. Stagg, “Between Black Rock and a Hard Place,” 388, 392;
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 414, Dec. 6, 1811; Ravenel,
Life and Times of William Lowndes,
90.

49
.
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 425, Dec. 9, 1811; Glenn Tucker,
Tecumseh,
26, 42, 123; Perkins,
Prologue to War,
283; Hickey,
War of 1812,
23–24.

50
.
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 425–26, Dec. 9, 1811.

51
.
Murrin et al.,
Liberty, Equality, Power,
1:220;
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 450, 533, Dec. 10 and 16, 1811.

52
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
86–87;
PMP,
4:168, to Jefferson, Feb. 7, 1812; 4:195, from Jefferson, Feb. 19, 1812.

53
.
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 416, Dec. 6, 1811.

54
.
PMP,
4:228, to Jefferson, March 6, 1812.

55
.
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 1165, 1192, March 9, 1812.

56
. Ibid., 1174, 166, March 9 and 10, 1812;
Facts Relative to John Henry and His Negotiation,
1–3; Morison, “Henry-Crillon Affair of 1812,” 222; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
98–99; Buel,
America on the Brink,
141.

57
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
427–28; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
99–102; Clay,
Papers,
1:637, to Monroe, March 15, 1812;
PMP,
4:287, to Jefferson, April 3, 1812.

58
. Billias,
Elbridge Gerry,
316–18; Brant,
Madison,
5:457–59.

59
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
153–54, 161;
PMP,
6:175, to John Nicholas, April 2, 1813.

60
. Henry Adams,
Life of Albert Gallatin,
461n, George Bancroft to Henry Adams, memorandum, April 11, 1878;
Annals,
12th Cong., 1st sess., 1407, May 6, 1812.

61
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
109;
PMP,
4:432–38, to Congress, June 1, 1812.

Chapter 16:
A
F
RIEND OF
T
RUE
L
IBERTY

1
.
PMP,
5:8–9, from the Inhabitants of Charlemont, Massachusetts, July 10, 1812; 5:18, from the Inhabitants of Lyman, District of Maine, July 13, 1812.

2
. Carey,
Olive Branch,
321.

3
. Royster,
Light-Horse Harry Lee,
144–45.

4
. Scharf,
Chronicles of Baltimore,
309–31, 339; Royster,
Light-Horse Harry Lee,
157–64, 232–47.

5
. Morison,
Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis,
2:49–51;
PMP,
5:150, to John Montgomery, Aug. 13, 1812.

6
. Coles,
War of 1812,
36; Hickey,
War of 1812,
80–83; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
201–5.

7
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
83, 85; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
225.

8
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
85–86.

9
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
258–68.

10
.
PMP,
5:165, to Jefferson, Aug. 17, 1812; 4:519, from Jefferson, June 29, 1812; Story,
Life and Letters,
1:244, to Nathaniel Williams, May 27, 1813;
PMP,
4:561, Story to Pinkney, June 26, 1812; 4:560–61, from Pinkney, July 5, 1812; 5:149, from Carey, Aug. 12, 1812; 5:335, to Carey, Sept. 19, 1812.

11
. Toll,
Six Frigates,
346–48; “Biographies in Naval History: Captain Isaac Hull,” Naval History and Heritage Command, http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/hull_isaac.htm.

12
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
556–58; Toll,
Six Frigates,
349–54; Black, “British View of the Naval War of 1812.”

13
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
101;
PMP,
5:392, to Jefferson, Oct. 14, 1812; Ketcham,
Madison,
544–45; Henry Adams,
Madison,
581.

14
.
PMP,
5:429–33, 434n9, 435n13, “Annual Message to Congress,” Nov. 4, 1812; Hickey,
War of 1812,
96;
ASP-FR,
3:587–88, extract—Secretary of State to Mr. Russell, Aug. 21, 1812; 3:589, Russell to Lord Castlereagh, Aug. 24, 1812.

15
.
National Intelligencer,
Nov. 28, 1812.

16
.
PMP,
5:488, from George Luckey, Dec. 8, 1812; 5:494, from Charles Pinckney, ca. Dec. 10, 1812; Cutts,
Queen of America,
119–20; Mitchill, “Dr. Mitchill’s Letters from Washington,” 753, to Mrs. Mitchill, Dec. 10, 1812.

17
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
80, 88;
PMP,
3:53–54, “Annual Message to Congress,” Dec. 5, 1810.

18
. Brant,
Madison,
6:125–26.

19
. Ibid., 127; Skeen,
John Armstrong Jr.,
x, 20.

20
. Brant,
Madison,
6:125; Clay,
Papers,
1:750, to Caesar Rodney, Dec. 29, 1812;
Annals,
12th Cong., 2nd sess., 562, 600n, 664, Jan. 5, 6, and 8, 1813.

21
.
PMP,
6:340–41, to Congress, May 25, 1813; Hickey,
War of 1812,
95–96; Henry Adams,
Madison,
726–27.

22
. Pickering and Upham,
Life of Timothy Pickering,
4:230–31; Carey,
Olive Branch,
302.

23
. Ingersoll,
Historical Sketch,
1:120.

24
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
640–42; Ruegsegger, “Finally, 1813 Battle Gets Some Respect”; Lossing,
Pictorial Field-Book,
944;
PDM,
to Edward Coles, May 13, 1813. Tradition has it that the defense of St. Michaels was helped by citizens darkening their homes and hanging lanterns in tall trees, thus misdirecting British fire.

25
. Monroe,
Writings,
5:271, to Jefferson, June 28, 1813;
Oxford English Dictionary,
s.v. “malaria”
;
Cullen,
First Lines,
1:6–84, 2:105;
PJ,
16:436, to Thomas Mann Randolph Jr., May 23, 1790.

26
. Brant,
Madison,
6:187;
PDM,
to Coles, July 2, 1813; Monkman, “Reminders of 1814,” 33–34, recounts how the family of the British sailor Thomas Kains, who obtained the medicine chest from the White House during the British invasion of 1814, returned it to President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939.

27
.
Federal Republican,
Aug. 13, 1813.

28
. Webster,
Letters,
44, to Chas. March, June 24, 1813.

29
.
PDM,
to Coles, July 2, 1813;
PMP,
6:xxv; 6:503, to Dearborn, Aug. 8, 1813; 6:442, 443n1, from William Jones, July 15, 1813; 6:443, from Armstrong and enclosure, July 16, 1813; 6:445, from Monroe, July 18, 1813; 6:448, to Monroe, July 19, 1813; Brant,
Madison,
6:206–7; Coles,
War of 1812,
92–93.

30
. Ketcham,
Madison,
563.

31
. Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush,”
PMHB,
Oct. 1936, 442, 449; Ingersoll,
Historical Sketch,
1:47.

32
.
PMP,
6:525, to Jones, Aug. 14, 1813; 5:372, to Dearborn, Oct. 7, 1812; Hickey,
War of 1812,
128–30.

33
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
131–32.

34
. Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush,”
PMHB,
Oct. 1936, 454.

35
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
141–44; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
344–45.

36
. John Quincy Adams,
Memoirs,
6:5; Monroe,
Writings,
5:276, to Madison, Dec. 1813.

37
. Richardson,
Compilation,
1:525, “Special Messages,” Dec. 9, 1913; LC-JM, from Tompkins, Jan. 3, 1814.

38
. Paul Johnson,
Napoleon,
134–35, 142–43.

39
. Ingersoll,
Historical Sketch,
2:21, 53–54; Slosberg, “Site Lines.”

40
. Ingersoll,
Historical Sketch,
2:26–27.

41
. Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
380–85; Henry Adams,
Madison,
878–80;
Annals,
13th Cong., 2nd sess., 1965, April 6, 1814.

42
. Brant,
Madison,
6:255; Madison,
Letters and Other Writings,
3:401, to Armstrong, May 24, 1814, postscript May 25, 1814.

43
. Skeen,
John Armstrong Jr.,
140; Madison,
Letters and Other Writings,
3:373–85, “Review of a Statement Attributed to General John Armstrong”; Stagg,
Mr. Madison’s War,
398–99.

44
. Gallatin,
Writings,
1:602, to William Crawford, April 21, 1814; 1:612, Gallatin and Bayard to Monroe, May 6, 1814; Madison,
Writings,
8:281, Cabinet Memorandum, June 27, 1814; Brant,
Madison,
6:268.

45
. Hickey,
War of 1812,
187–90, 193; Pitch,
Burning of Washington,
29, 180; Powell, “Some Unpublished Correspondence of John Adams and Richard Rush, 1811–1816, II,”
PMHB,
Jan. 1937, 52;
ASP-MA,
1:540, from Jones, Oct. 31, 1814; 1:541, from Richard Rush, Oct. 15, 1814; 1:538, letter of Armstrong, Oct. 17, 1814.

46
.
ASP-MA,
1:541, from Rush, Oct. 15, 1814; 1:524, proceedings of the cabinet, July 1, 1814.

47
. Henry Adams,
Madison,
996;
ASP-MA,
1:554, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

48
. Winder,
Remarks on a Pamphlet,
12–13; National Archives, Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, RG 107, 7:253–54, Armstrong to Moses Porter, July 16, 1814;
ASP-MA,
1:531, recapitulation.

49
. Skeen,
John Armstrong Jr.,
20; Madison,
Writings,
8:287–90, to Armstrong, Aug. 13, 1814.

50
. LC-JM, to Armstrong, Aug. 16, 1814;
PDM,
to Gallatin, July 28, 1814;
ASP-MA,
1:581, General Van Ness’s statement, Nov. 23, 1814.

51
.
ASP-MA,
1:536, letter of Monroe, Nov. 13, 1814; 1:537, Monroe to Madison, Aug. 21, 1814; Madison,
Writings,
8:291, to Monroe, Aug. 21, 1814.

52
.
ASP-MA,
1:527, correspondence of Monroe with the governors; 1:563, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814; 1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

53
.
ASP-MA,
1:527, correspondence of Monroe with the governors; 1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

54
.
PDM,
to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814; Hildt, “Letters Relating to the Capture of Washington,” 65.

55
.
PDM,
from Madison, Aug. 23, 1814;
ASP-MA,
1:555, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814; McKenney,
Reply to Kosciusko Armstrong’s Assault,
25–26;
ASP-MA,
1:563, General W. Smith’s statement, Oct. 6, 1814.

56
.
PDM,
from James Madison, Aug. 23, 1814;
ASP-MA,
1:571, Lieutenant Colonel J. Lavall’s statement, Oct. 31, 1814.

57
. Armstrong,
Review of T. L. McKenney’s Narrative,
5;
ASP-MA,
1:556, narrative of General Winder, Sept. 26, 1814.

58
. Pitch,
Burning of Washington,
21, 56; James Scott,
Recollections of a Naval Life,
3:283–84.

59
. McKenney,
Reply to Kosciusko Armstrong’s Assault,
23; Madison,
Writings,
8:290, to Armstrong, Aug. 13, 1814.

60
.
PDM,
to Lucy Todd, Aug. 23, 1814.

Chapter 17:
T
RIAL BY
F
IRE