It Began with Babbage (73 page)

mathematical proof
55

mathematical reasoning
266

mathematical table
1
,
10
,
11
,
17
,
68

Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation
(MTAC)
129

mathematical thinking
21
,
44
,
193

Mathematics Centrum, Amsterdam
265

mathematics tripos
48
,
120
,
142

matrices
218
,
229

Mauchly, J.W.
93
,
94
,
96
,
97
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99
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100
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101
,
102
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106
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,
110
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129
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130
n
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140
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141
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142
,
147
n
,
162
,
193
,
290

Maudslay, H.
13

Mayr, E.
41
n

McCarthy, J.
205
,
222
n
,
234
,
235
,
236
,
239
n
,
240
n
,
272
,
276
n
,
290

McCracken, D.
280
n

McCulloch, W.
159
–
164
,
174
n
,
290

McCulloch-Pitts neuron
159
–
164

McDermott, D.
176
n

McGraw-Hill Computer Science Series
281

McKeeman, W.M.
262
n

McNulty, K. (Mauchly)
283

McShea, D.W.
224
n

Mealy machine
244

Mealy, G.H.
244
,
261
n
,
263
n
,
264
n
,
290

measurement
151

mechanical computer
22
,
73
,
75
,
92
,
134
,
158

mechanical technology
22
,
75
,
86
,
101

mechanical world
28
,
34
,
38

Medawar, J.S.
106
n

Medawar, P.B.
50
,
59
n
,
106
n

Meerttens, L.G.L.T.
224
n

Meltzer, B.
131
n

memory
20
,
29
,
31
,
74
,
75
,
78
,
85
,
86
,
95
,
97
,
109
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110
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111
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112
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117
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118
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119
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122
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123
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124
,
127
,
136
,
137
,
142
,
145
,
151
,
152
,
153
,
179
,
181
,
183
,
184
,
185
,
187
n
,
243
,
244
,
245
,
255
,
257
–
259

memory address
136
,
142

memory hierarchy
258
–
259

memory management
258
–
259

memory protection
260

memory space
248

Menabrea, L.F.
17
,
18
,
24
,
25
,
26
n
,
36
,
291

mental process
21
,
159

mercury delay line memory
110
,
117
,
118
,
119
,
121
,
123
,
179
,
185
,
187
n

merging
35
,
136

meta-language
209
–
213
,
215
,
216
,
229
,
272
,
273

meta-linguistic connective
209

meta-linguistic formula
209
,
211

meta-linguistic variable
211
,
214

meta-mathematics
45
,
46
,
55

metaphor
19
,
29

method of difference
11
,
15

method of substitution
231
,
232

methodology
39
,
86
,
150
,
151
,
235
,
242
,
281

methodology of science
48

Metropolis, N.
82
n
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88
n
,
105
n
,
130
n
,
131
n
,
219
n

Michie, D.
77
,
78
,
131
n

microinstruction
183

microoperation
188
n

microprogram
183

microprogram correctness
273

microprogram store
183
,
185
,
186

microprogrammed control unit
183

microprogamming
178
–
186
,
250

Middle Ages
29

military-science complex
74

Mill (Analytical Engine)
18
,
21
,
28

Mind
172

Minmax strategy
168

Minsky, M.
59
n
,
239
n
,
245
,
261
n
,
262
n
,
281
,
291

misogyny
24

missing link
29
,
34

Misunas, D.P.
261

models of grammar
212

modernity
28

modular structure
139

Molière
226

Mollenhoff, C.R.
106
n

monitor
257

Moore machine
244
,
245

Moore School of Electrical Engineering
89
,
93
,
97
,
99
,
104
,
109
,
110
,
117
,
121
,
124
,
128

Moore, E.F.
244
,
261
n
,
291

Moral Science Club
48

Moreau, R.
26
n
,
42
n
,
80
n
,
81
n
,
105
n
,
188
n

Morgenstern, O.
108
,
167
,
176
n
,
291

Morris, D.
262
n

Morris, F.L.
276
n

mortality data
32
,
68

Moser, N.B.
220
n

Mountbatten, L.
171

Multics computer system
259
–
260
,
266

Multics operating system
259
–
260

multiplication
37
,
62
,
85
,
101
,
112

multiplication machine
37
,
101

multiplier
98
,
101
,
103

multiprocessing
63

multiprogramming
257
–
259
,
260
,
268
–
269

multitasking
257

Museum of Alexandria
39

Musgrave, A.
88
n

mutual exclusion problem
268

myth
110
,
111

Nagel, E.
58
n
,
59
n

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
63

National Defense Research Council
62

National Museum of Computing
76

National Physical Laboratory (NPL)
78
,
117
,
119
,
123
,
129
,
172

National Research Council
129

natural history
41
n

natural history museum
41
n

natural language
170
,
171
,
190
,
199
,
201
,
215
,
235

natural philosophy
5

natural science
2
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4
,
5
,
6
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86
,
109
,
120
,
128
,
152
,
188
n
,
205
,
206
,
208
,
242
,
270

natural scientist
2
,
116

natural selection theory
13
,
116

natural world
39
,
158
,
163

Nature
(Journal)
38

Nature of Aesthetics and Design
12

Nature of Explanation
158
,
168
,
233

Naur, P.
207
,
222
n
,
223
n
,
264
n
,
275
n
,
291

Nautical Almanac Office (U.K.)
68

Nelson, R.A.
221
n

Nersessian, N.
285
n

nervous system
159

neural computing
166
,
234

neuron
159
–
165

neurophysiology
159

Newcomen atmospheric engine
13

Newcomen, T.
9
,
13

Newell, A.
81
n
,
133
n
,
150
,
155
n
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226
–
236
,
239
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,
262
n
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270
,
284
,
285
,
285
n
,
291

Newman, J.
58
n
,
59
n

Newman, M.
49
,
57
,
58
,
76
,
78
,
88
n
,
291

Newton, I.
10
,
13
,
128
,
254

Newton's
Principia
58
,
254

Newtonian physics
24
,
226

Nisbett, R.E.
26
n

Nobel Foundation
227

Nobel Prize
72
,
227

nonlinear equations
109

nonnumeric computation
136

nonterminal symbol
214

normal science
84
,
114
,
115
,
119
,
165
,
242
,
249
,
259
,
278

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
259

notation as a tool of thought
217

NULL function in LISP
237

number
1
,
45
,
69

number cruncher
78
,
87

numeric analysis
71
,
279
,
281

numeric computation
38
,
85
,
90
,
96
,
136
,
166
,
206
,
236
,
242

Numerische Mathematik
206
,
207
,
280

Nutt, R.
221
n

Nygaard, K.
224
n

object code generation
202
,
248

object code/program
201
,
202
,
247
,
248
,
272

observation
151

Olivetti Company
132
n

one-level store
258

one-pass compiler
202

ontogeny
91
,
99
,
100
,
102
,
105
n
,
153

ontology
39
,
134
,
283
,
285

open problems
44

open subroutine
143

operand
70
,
76
,
142

operating system
64
,
257
–
260
,
266
,
268
–
269
,
281

operation code (opcode)
181
,
182

operational knowledge
151
,
152
,
154

operational principle
151
,
152

operational semantics
272
–
273

optimization
72
,
202
,
221
n
,
228

order
123
,
144
,
178
,
181

order code
123
,
136
,
142
,
186

Organick, E.I.
189
n
,
224
n
,
263
n