It Began with Babbage (68 page)

axiomatic semantics
273
–
275

axiomatic system
47
,
162
,
163
,
229

axioms of arithmetic
44
,
47

B-line
125

Babbage, C.
1
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
16
n
,
17
,
18
,
19
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
26
n
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
35
,
36
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37
,
38
,
40
,
41
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48
,
49
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54
,
56
,
64
,
67
,
85
,
87
,
90
,
124
,
125
,
134
,
194
,
217
,
252
,
277
,
278
,
287

Backus Normal (Naur) Form (BNF)
209
–
211
,
215
,
223
n
,
249
,
272

Backus, J.W.
195
–
198
,
200
,
205
,
209
–
210
,
220
n
,
221
n
,
222
n
,
223
n
,
235
,
261
n
,
287

backward chaining
23
o

ballistic computation
91
,
92
,
93
,
103
,
110

Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL)
63
,
91
,
93
,
97
,
108
,
110
,
128

Bar-Hillel, Y.
176
n

Bardeen, J.
243

Barnard, C.I.
227
,
238
n

Barr, A.
176
n

Barron, D.W.
148
n

Bartlett, F.C.
114
,
131
n

Bartley, W.W. III
79
n

Basalla, G.
16
n
,
79
n
,
80
n
,
106
n

basic block
201

batch processing
256

Bates, M.
41
n

Bauer, F.
191
,
205
,
219
n
,
220
n
,
222
n
,
287

beauty
266

Beeber, R.W.
221
n

behaviorism
162

Bell Telephone Laboratories
60
,
61
,
68
,
87
,
89
,
165
,
243
,
244

Bell Telephone Laboratories computer series
61
,
62
,
63
,
71
,
73
,
89
,
129
,
134

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model I/Complex Computer
60
,
61
,
62
,
64
,
70
,
89

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model II/Relay Interpolator
62
,
70

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model III/Ballistic Computer
62
,
74

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model IV
62

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model V
62
,
63

Bell Telephone Laboratories Model VI
62

Bell, C.G.
133
n
,
262
n

Bennett, J.M.
156
n

Berkeley, E.C.
171
,
176
n
,
227

Bernal, J.D.
170

Bernoulli's numbers
18
,
25
,
190

Berry, C.
94
,
96
,
104
,
287

Bessel function
69

Best, S.
221
n

Big O notation
253
–
254

Big Science
57
,
196
,
197
,
220
n

Bigelow, J.
179
,
287

Bijker, W.E.
264
n

Billings, J.S.
30

Binary arithmetic
66
,
70
,
75
,
78
,
85
,
95

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) representation
73
,
85

binary circuit
66

binary computer
74
,
75
,
77
,
95
,
123

binary counter
77

binary digit (bit)
165
,
179
,
192

binary system
70
,
76
,
78
,
86
,
94
,
95
,
118
,
153
,
161
,
193

Binomial Theorem
37

biogenetic law
99

biological evolution
60
,
61

biology
29

Birbeck College, London
170

Birman, A.
276
n

Bisociation
181
,
196

bistable device
64
,
66
,
78

BIT
280

bit-parallel processing
184
,
187
n

bit-serial processing
179
,
184
,
187
n

Blaauw, G.
250
,
262
n
,
287

Bletchley Park
57
,
76
,
77
,
78
,
87
,
89
,
112
,
121

Block (Algol)
209
,
272

Boden, M.A.
174
n
,
177
n

Böhm, C.
194
,
195
,
196
,
288

Bollée, L.
37
,
101
,
288

Bonner, J.T.
224
n

Boole, G.
64
,
65
,
266
,
288

Boolean algebra
25
,
65
,
66
,
67
,
78
,
86
,
159
,
160
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
165
,
193
,
243

Boolean machine
78
,
85
,
90

Boolean operation
66
,
125

Booth, A.D.
170
,
288

Bottenbruch, H.
222
n

bottom-up design
268

bounded rationality
72
,
73
,
109
,
110
,
227
–
228
,
230
,
233
,
266

Bowden, B.V.
227

Boyer, C.
26
n
,
58
n
,
80
n

Boys, C.V.
38
,
42
n

Brainerd, J.
93
,
94
,
99
,
100
,
106
n
,
288

Braithwaite, R.B.
48

Bramah, J.
13

branching facility
104
,
123
,
137

Brattain, W.
243

British Computer Society
254
,
280

British Tabulating Machines (BTM)
33

Bromley, A.
22
,
23
,
26
n
,
27
n
,
28
,
36
,
41
n

Brooke, R.
49

Brooker, R.A.
249
,
262
n

Brooks, F.P.
42
n
,
146
n
,
148
n
,
156
n
,
218
,
224
n
,
250
,
262
n
,
264
n
,
280
,
288

Bruner, J.
174
n
,
240
n

brute-force search
167
–
168

Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics
159

Burfee, B.M.
69
,
73

Burke, P.
285
n

Burks, A.C.
103
,
105
n
,
106
n
,
107
n
,
283

Burks, A.W.
90
,
93
,
97
,
102
,
103
,
104
,
105
n
,
106
n
,
107
n
,
110
,
115
,
127
,
131
n
,
132
n
,
137
,
147
n
,
150
,
193
,
220
n
,
283
,
288

Burroughs Corporation B5500
259

bus
179

Bush, V.
92
,
93
,
96
,
105
n
,
288

business computing
31
,
203
–
204
,
215
,
235

Butterfield, E.C.
240
n

Butterfield, H.
7
,
8
n
,
28

Buxton, J.N.
264
,
275
n

Byron, Lord
24
,
48

Cajori, F.
217

Calculating Instruments and Machines
173

calculating machine
9
,
21
,
34
,
35
,
60
,
89

calculus
9
,
13
,
46
,
65
,
67
,
193
,
217
,
272

Caldwell, S.H.
93
,
96
,
121
,
288

Cambridge University Computer Laboratory
vii
,
132
n
,
181

Campbell, D.T.
79
n

Campbell-Kelly, M.
16
n
,
23
,
26
n
,
27
n

Cannadine, D.
285
n

capacitor
94
,
95
,
98
,
243

CAR function in LISP

card reader
256

cardinal numbers
45

Cardwell, D.S.L.
viii
,
26
n

Carlson, S.
238
n

Carnegie Institute of Technology
205
,
226
,
273
,
284

Carnegie-Mellon University
205
,
226
,
273
,
284

Carr, E.H.
277
,
285
n

Carr, J.W. III
205

Carry look-ahead adder
18

Casti, J.L.
58
n
,
59
n
,
129
n

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
124
,
125

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
57
,
77
,
120
,
122

CDDR function in LISP
237

CDR function in LISP
237

cellular automata theory
165

census data
30
,
31
,
32
,
33

Central Limit Theorem
49

central processing unit
256
,
257

Cesareo, O.
79
n
,
80
n

Chadwick, W.
27
n
,
285
n

Chandrasekaran, B.
vii

Charniak, E.
176
n

Chaudhuri, S.
147
n
,
176
n

checkers
235

Cherry, C.
175
n

chess
167
–
169
,
228
–
229

Chomsky, N.
171
,
190
,
205
,
211
–
213
,
223
n
,
229
,
246
,
261
n
,
288

Chomskyan revolution
211

Chomskyan linguistics
190
,
213

Church, A.
56
,
57
,
58
,
59
n
,
113
,
288

Church's thesis
56

City College of New York
211

Clark, W.A.
263
n
,
264
n

Clement, J.
13
,
288

Clingen, C.T.
264
n

clock pulse
182

closed subroutine
143
,
150

COBOL programming language
204
,
215
,
216
,
254
,
255

COBOL standards
204

Cocke, J.
221
n

code breaking
57
,
76