Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (72 page)

35.
Cited in ibid., p. 149

36.
Overy, op. cit., p. 128; E. M. Kulischer,
Europe on the Move: War and Population Changes, 1917–1947
(New York, 1948), pp. 263–4; Herbert, op. cit., p. 133

37.
Cited by Milward,
The New Order and the French Economy
, op. cit., p. 119

38.
ibid., pp. 142–51, 165

39.
V. Klemperer,
“LTI”: Die unbewaltigte Sprache
(Munich, 1969), pp. 105–6

40.
Trevor-Roper, op. cit., p. 24

41.
J. Billig,
Les Camps de concentration dans l’économie du Reich hitlérien
(Paris, 1973), p. 72; R. Koehl,
RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy, 1939–1945
(Cambridge, Mass., 1957), pp. 210–11

42.
Waldeck, op. cit., pp. 306–8

43.
T-81/307/2435373, “Abschlussbericht über die Durchschleusung von 95 Griechenlanddeutschen in Passau/Gau Bayr. Ostmark durch die Einwanderzentral-stelle des Chefs der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD” (Washington DC, US National Archives)

44.
On “political house-cleaning” see R. Breitman,
The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution
(London, 1991), pp. 70–71; Klukowski, op. cit., pp. 100–101; T. Cyprian and J. Sawicki,
Nazi Rule in Poland, 1939–1945
(Warsaw, 1961), pp. 116–24

45.
Gross, op. cit., pp. 226–30; Klukowski, op. cit., pp. 117, 124–5

46.
I. Kamenetsky,
Secret Nazi Plans for Eastern Europe
(New Haven, Conn., 1961), p. 106

47.
ibid., pp. 93f

48.
American Jewish Conference,
Nazi Germany’s War against the Jews
(New York, 1947), I-24–5

49.
C. Browning, “Nazi resettlement policy and the search for a solution to the Jewish Question, 1939–1941,” in his
The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution
(Cambridge, Cambs., 1992), pp. 16–17

50.
ibid., p. 24; M. Marrus,
The Holocaust in History
(London, 1988), p. 55

51.
Klukowski, op. cit., p. 173

52.
G. Robel, “Sowjetunion,” in W. Benz (ed.),
Dimension des Volkermords: Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus
(Munich, 1991), pp. 499–560; see also, H. Krausnick,
Hitlers Einsatzgruppen: Die Truppen des Weltanschauungskrieges, 1938–1942
(Frankfurt am Main, 1985)

53.
Cited in E. Klee, W. Dressen and V. Riess (eds.),
“Those were the Days”: The Holocaust through the Eyes of the Perpetrators and Bystanders
(tr. D. Burnstone) (London, 1991), pp. 138–53

54.
E. Kogon, H. Langbein and A. Rückerl (eds.),
Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas
(New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1993), ch. 4

55.
Y. Arad,
Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps
(Bloomington, Ind., 1987)

56.
R. van der Pelt and D. Dwork,
Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present
(New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1996)

57.
Browning, “The decision concerning the Final Solution,” op. cit., in
Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution
, op. cit., p. 33

58.
van der Pelt and Dwork, op. cit., pp. 326, 336, 343

59.
ibid., p. 327

60.
S. Della Pergola, “Between science and fiction: notes on the demography of the Holocaust,”
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 10: 1 (spring 1996), pp. 354–51; on the Ustaše genocide, see A. Djilas,
The Contested Country: Yugoslav Unity and Communist Revolution, 1919–1953
(Cambridge, Mass., 1991), pp. 125–7

61.
Goebbels and Kohl of the Railway Dept. cited in Kogon, Langbein and Rückerl, op. cit., pp. 10–11

62.
W. Laqueur,
The Terrible Secret: An Investigation into the Suppression of Information about Hitler’s Final Solution
(1980); T. Kushner,
The Holocaust and the Liberal Imagination
(Oxford, 1994)

63.
Klee, Dressen and Riess, op. cit., pp. 196–207

64.
G. J. Horwitz,
In the Shadow of Death: Living outside the Gates of Mauthausen
(New York, 1990), ch. 6

65.
G. Schwarz,
Die nationalsozialistischen Lager
(Frankfurt, 1990), pp. 221–2

66.
J. Billig,
Les Camps de concentration dans l’économie du Reich hitlérien
(Paris, 1973), pp. 57, 99, 241

67.
Herbert, op. cit., p. 174; for an earlier criticism of the economic harm caused by the murder of 150,000–200,000 Jews in the Ukraine, see 3257-PS, cited in
Nazi Germany’s War against the Jews
, I-50–51

68.
Kamenetsky, op. cit., p. 74; Kulischer, op. cit., p. 261

69.
See SS/Police chief O. Globocnik in the
Krakauer Zeitung
, 15 June 1941, tr. in
National Socialism: Basic Principles, Their Application by the Nazi Party’s Foreign Organization and the Use of Germans Abroad for Nazi Aims
(Washington, DC, 1943), pp. 485–6

70.
On reports that mismanagement had led to the need for “an overpowering police machine” see Dallin, op. cit., p. 219; Trevor-Roper, op. cit., pp. 468–76

71.
Y. Bauer, “The death-marches, January-May, 1945,”
Modern Judaism
, 3 (1983), pp. 1–21, esp. 11

72.
See Horwitz, op. cit., chs. 7–8

73.
Klukowski, op. cit., p. 345; see also R. H. Abzug,
Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps
(New York/Oxford, 1985)

74.
Horwitz, op. cit., p. 165

75.
V. Lumans,
Himmler’s Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1993), p. 203

76.
Trevor-Roper, op. cit., pp. 33, 69, 92, 316, 354–5

77.
C. Child, “Administration,” in Toynbee and Toynbee, op. cit., p. 125; E. K. Bramsted,
Goebbels and National Socialist Propaganda, 1925–1945
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1965), p. 303

6: B
LUEPRINTS
for the G
OLDEN
A
GE

1.
H. G. Wells,
The New World Order
(New York, 1940), p. 45

2.
I. McLaine,
Ministry of Morale: Home Front Morale and the Ministry of Information in World War II
(London, 1979), pp. 30–31, 101; P. Addison,
The Road to 1945: British Politics and the War
(London, 1975), p. 121

3.
R. Acland,
The Forward March
(London, 1941), p. 9; E. H. Carr,
Conditions of Peace
(New York, 1942), p. 9

4.
W. Lipgens (ed.),
Documents on the History of European Integration
, vol. 1:
Continental Plans for European Union, 1939–1945
(Berlin/New York, 1985), p. 39; Kennedy in
The Times
, 18 November 1940; on de Gaulle, A. Shennan,
Rethinking France: Plans for Renewal, 1940–1946
(Oxford, 1989), pp. 53–6; R. W. G. MacKay,
Peace Aims and the New Order
(London, 1941 edn), p. 7

5.
E. Ranshofen-Wertheimer,
Victory is not Enough: The Strategy for a Lasting Peace
(New York, 1942), pp. 122–3; “Metropoliticus,” “The Ministry of Information,”
Political Quarterly
, 13 (1942), p. 300

6.
cf. R. M. Titmuss, “War and social policy,” in
Essays on the “Welfare” State
(Boston, Mass., 1969), esp. p. 84–6; and the comments of J. Harris, “Some aspects of social policy in Britain during the Second World War,” in W. J. Mommsen (ed.),
The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, 1850–1950
(London, 1981), pp. 247–63;
The Journey Home
(a report prepared by Mass Observation for the Advertising Service Guild) (London, 1944), p. 104; on the exodus, see J. Vidalenc,
L’Exode de Mai-Juin 1940
(Paris, 1957) and N. Ollier,
L’Exode: sur les routes de l’an 40
(Paris, 1970)

7.
Cited by Addison, op. cit., p. 118; Blum cited by Lipgens, op. cit., pp. 278–9

8.
Cited by McLaine, op. cit., p. 149

9.
Addison, op. cit., pp. 170–71

10.
J. Harris,
William Beveridge: A Biography
(Oxford, 1977), p. 366

11.
Harris, op. cit., p. 387; W. Beveridge,
Social Insurances and Allied Services
(London, 1942), p. 172

12.
Harris, op. cit., p. 420; for parallel thinking in the Nazi labour organization, see R. Smelser, “Die Sozialplanung der deutschen Arbeitsfront,” in M. Prinz and R. Zitelmann (eds.),
Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung
(Darmstadt, 1991), pp. 71–92

13.
A. Myrdal,
Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in Democratic Family and Population Policy
(London, 1940), p. vi

14.
M. Sadoun,
Les Socialistes sous l’occupation: résistance et collaboration
(Paris, 1982), p. 136; C. Andrieu,
Le Program commun de la Résistance: des idées dans la guerre
(Paris, 1984), pp. 114f

15.
Lipgens, op. cit., p. 569; M. Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–1944
(New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1993), p. 267

16.
Shennan, op. cit., p. 36

17.
Andrieu, op. cit., p. 38

18.
L. W. Lorwin,
Postwar Plans of the United Nations
(New York, 1943), pp. 128, 135–40, 144–5

19. Wells, op. cit., p. 58

20.
E. Vittorini,
Men and not Men
(tr. Sarah Henry) (Marlboro, Vt, 1985), p. 157

21.
J. D. Wilkinson,
The Intellectual Resistance in Europe
(Cambridge, Mass., 1981), p. 47; Camus in G. Brée and G. Bernauer (eds.),
Defeat and Beyond: An Anthology of French Wartime Writing (1940–1945)
(New York, 1970), pp. 347–9

22.
A. Vistel,
Héritage spirituel de la Résistance
, in Lipgens, op. cit., p. 268; Shennan, op. cit., p. 82

23.
J. Hellman,
Emmanuel Mounier and the New Catholic Left, 1930–1950
(Toronto, 1981), p. 180; J. Maritain,
Christianity and Democracy
(San Francisco, Calif., 1986), p. 22

24.
J. Maritain,
The Rights of Man and Natural Law
(San Francisco, Calif., 1986), pp. 91, 165; W. Temple,
Christianity and Social Order
(Harmondsworth, Middx, 1942), p. 80

25.
L. Holborn (ed.),
War and Peace Aims of the United Nations
(Boston, Mass., 1943), p. 158; H. Lauterpacht,
An International Bill of the Rights of Man
(New York, 1945), pp. v-vi; E. Hamburger
et al., Le Droit raciste à l’assaut de la civilisation
(New York, 1943)

26.
The World’s Destiny and the United States
(A Conference of Experts in International Relations) (Chicago, 1943), pp. 101–37

27.
J. Maritain, “Le droit raciste et la vraie signification du racisme,” in Hamburger, op. cit., pp. 97–137

28.
G. Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
, vol. 2 (New York, 1944), pp. 1004, 1007–9

29.
D. Thompson,
From Kingston to Kenya: The Making of a Pan-Africanist Lawyer
(Dover, Mass., 1993), pp. 23–33, 45–7 (thanks to Rupert Lewis for drawing my attention to this remarkable book); McLaine, op. cit., pp. 223–4

30.
C. Pavone,
Una guerra civile: saggio storico sulla moralità nella Resistenza
(Turin, 1991), pp. 202–3; Shennan, op. cit., pp. 142–3; E. Rice-Maximin,
Accommodation and Resistance: The French Left, Indochina and the Cold War, 1944–1954
(New York, 1986), pp. 14–15; Holborn, op. cit., pp. 522–3