By All Means Necessary (42 page)

78
. Aizhu Chen and Chris Buckley, “Exclusive: China Curbs Iran Energy Work, ”
Reuters
, September 2, 2011.

79
. U.S. EIA, “Iran.”

80
. Ibid.; and “Iran Warns of Cancelling $5 Billion China Gas Deal, ”
Nation
, December 25, 2012,
http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/25-Dec-2012/iran-warns-of-cancelling-5-billion-china-gas-deal
.

81
. Sanchez Wang, “Iran, China Sign $5 Billion Contract on South Pars Gas Field, ”
Bloomberg
, June 9, 2009,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWVnwjppjOXI
.

82
. Zahra Hosseinian, “Iran Warns China over South Pars Gas Deal-report, ”
Reuters
, June 17, 2011.

83
. “China Pulls out of South Pars Project, ”
Upstream
, July 30, 2012,
http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1261785.ece
.

84
. Wang, “China's CNPC Performs Balancing Act.”

85
. As quoted in S. Isayev, “CNPC Reveals Reason for Withdrawing from Iran's South Pars Project, ” TREND News Agency,
McClatchy Tribune Business News
, September 28, 2012. Accessed via Nexis.

86
. Wang, “China's CNPC Performs Balancing Act.”

87
. As quoted in Chen Aizhu, “Exclusive: China Slows Iran Oil Work as U.S. Energy Ties Warm, ”
Reuters
, October 28, 2010.

88
. Michael C. Davis, “The Reluctant Intervenor: The UN Security Council, China's Worldview, and Humanitarian Intervention, ” in
International Intervention in the Post-Cold War World
, ed. Michael C. Davis, Wolfgang Dietrich, Bettina Scholdan, and Dieter Sepp, (New York: Sharpe, 2004).

89
. Matthew Kroenig,
Exporting the Bomb: Technology Transfer and the Spread of Nuclear Weapons
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010); and John W. Garver, “Is China Playing a Dual Game in Iran?”
Washington Quarterly
34, no. 1 (Winter 2011).

90
. The credibility of such a prospect depends on how large the country in question is and on the length of the notional refusal to buy minerals; for at least short periods, China could substitute minerals from stockpiles for otherwise necessary imports.

91
. Author interview with senior oil official, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

92
. Author interview with industry experts, Doha, Qatar, November 2012.

93
. Author interview with industry experts, Kuwait, November 2012.

1
. U.S. Geological Survey, “Iron Ore, ”
Mineral Commodity Summaries
, January 2013,
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/mcs-2013-feore.pdf
.

2
. Michael Levi,
The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America's Future
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

3
. Ibid.

4
. The United States is taking action to become EITI-compliant, as of 2013. In 2011, the United States pledged to implement EITI.

5
. Michael Levi,
A Strategy for U.S. Natural Gas Exports
, Hamilton Project, Discussion Paper 2012-4 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, June 2012).

Map 1. China and the Surrounding Region.

Source
: Adapted from “Blank Maps: World Map Gallery Vol. 2,” Alternate History Wiki,
http://wiki.alternatehistory.com/doku.php/blank_map_directory/world_2
, Accessed August 2013.

Map 2. South and East China Seas.

Source
: China and Japan Territorial Claims, in Ben Dolven, Shirley A. Kan, and Mark E. Manyin, “Maritime Territorial Disputes in East Asia: Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, January 30, 2013, p. 14.

Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco)
: A state-owned holding company that is one of the top aluminum and alumina producers in the world and the parent company of the New York Stock Exchange–listed Chalco.

Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco)
: China's largest alumina and aluminum producer; state-owned Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco) is its controlling shareholder. Chalco is listed on the New York, Hong Kong, and Shanghai stock exchanges.

Bank of China
: The Bank of China is one of the four main Chinese state-owned commercial banks.

Baosteel (Shanghai Baosteel Group)
: Baosteel is a large state-owned holding group that primarily operates in iron and steel. Baosteel's subsidiary Baoshan Iron and Steel Company Limited is listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges.

Beidahuang Group
: Beidahuang Group is the largest state-owned agricultural enterprise in China.

Chalco
: See Aluminum Corporation of China Limited.

China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC)
: Under the direction of the State Council, the CBRC supervises the banking sector and establishes rules and regulations for banking institutions.

China Development Bank (CDB)
: A state-owned bank under the jurisdiction of the State Council that is used to finance China's economic priorities and infrastructure.

China Investment Corporation (CIC)
: A state-owned investment institution, this sovereign wealth fund manages a substantial part of China's foreign exchange reserves.

China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC)
: A large state-owned holding group specializing in natural resources development and metallurgical engineering. Its subsidiary Metallurgical Corporation of China Limited is listed on the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges.

China National Agricultural Development Group Corporation (CNADC)
: A state-owned agricultural enterprise under direct governance of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.

China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation (CMEC, or China Machinery Engineering Corporation)
: Founded in 1978 as a state-owned enterprise, CMEC was a large engineering and trade company and was renamed the China Machinery Engineering Corporation. CMEC is a subsidiary of the China National Machinery Industry Corporation and went public in 2012 on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC)
: CNOOC is a state-owned enterprise and one of the three largest oil and gas companies in China. Its subsidiary CNOOC Limited is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and is China's largest producer of offshore crude oil and natural gas.

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)
: One of the three largest oil and gas companies in China, CNPC is a state-owned enterprise. Its subsidiary PetroChina Company Limited, a joint stock company and one of the world's largest oil and gas producers and distributors, is listed on the Hong Kong, New York, and Shanghai stock exchanges.

China Nonferrous Metals Mining (Group) Company Limited
: This state-owned company is active in nonferrous metal mineral resources, construction, and engineering. Its subsidiary, China Nonferrous Metals Corporation Limited, is listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (Sinopec Limited)
: Sinopec Limited is a petroleum and petrochemical company listed on the London, New York, Hong Kong, and Shanghai stock exchanges. Its parent company, China Petrochemical Corporation, or Sinopec Group, is China's largest oil and gas producer.

China State Farm Agribusiness Corporation (CSFAC)
: One of the largest state-owned agricultural enterprises, CSFAC began operating as a subsidiary of China National Agricultural Development Group Corporation in 2009. CSFAC is active in outward agriculture investment and is closely associated with the Ministry of Agriculture.

Chinalco
: See Aluminum Corporation of China.

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)
: An academic research institution of social sciences that provides research and policy support to the Central Committee and the State Council of the Chinese Communist Party.

CITIC Energy
: A Hong Kong–based subsidiary of the CITIC Group that focuses on energy.

CITIC Group
: Originally established in 1979 as the China International Trust and Investment Corporation, the CITIC Group is a large, diversified, state-owned investment company with more than forty-four subsidiaries.

Communist Party of China (CCP)
: The founding party of the People's Republic of China, the CCP has been the ruling political party since the country's establishment in 1949.

Department of Foreign Aid
: Under the auspices of the Ministry of Commerce, the Department of Foreign Aid organizes China's grant programs, zero-interest aid loans, youth volunteer programs, and technical assistance.

Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation
: This department operates under the auspices of China's Ministry of Commerce. The department's main function is to organize and coordinate the implementation of China's “going global” strategy; this includes guiding and regulating overseas investment, promoting economic and labor service cooperation, formulating annual inspections of investment activity, and protecting the rights of overseas workers.

Export-Import Bank of China (EXIM Bank)
: A state-owned bank under the leadership of the State Council that provides financing through concessional and commercial loans, as well as export credits, to support foreign trade, investment, and the export of Chinese products and services.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)
: The largest of China's four state-owned banks, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China is also the largest bank in the world as of July 2013.

Jiangxi Copper Corporation
: This state-owned enterprise is China's largest copper producer. Its subsidiary Jiangxi Copper Company Limited is listed on the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges.

Maritime Customs Service
: The Chinese Maritime Customs Service (the Imperial Maritime Customs Service prior to 1912) was a governmental tax collection agency and information service prior to 1949. In 1949 it was renamed General Administration of Customs in mainland China.

Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM)
: China's Ministry of Commerce is responsible for formulating foreign trade policy, import and export regulations, consumer protection, foreign direct investments, market competition, and negotiating trade agreements. Formerly the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC), the ministry was reorganized and renamed in 2003. MOFCOM operates under the State Council.

Ministry of Environmental Protection
: The Ministry of Environmental Protection, under the direction of the State Council, is tasked with developing and organizing the implementation of national policies and plans for environmental protection, drafting laws and regulations, and formulating administrative rules and regulations. It was previously the State Environmental Protection Administration (until 2008), and before that it was the National Environmental Protection Agency (until 1998).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA)
: China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for helping formulate, coordinate, and implement the PRC's foreign policy. The MOFA operates under the State Council.

Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR)
: The Ministry of Land and Resources operates under the State Council and was formed in 1998 when the Ministry of Geology and Mining, State Administration of National Land, State Administration of National Oceans, and State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping were merged. The MLR is responsible for the regulation, organization, exploitation, and preservation of natural resources, such as land, mines, and oceans.