By All Means Necessary (40 page)

90
. Sebastien Peyrouse, “Flowing Downstream: The Sino-Kazakh Water Dispute, ”
Jamestown Foundation China Brief
7, no. 10 (May 16, 2007); and Allouche, “Governance of Central Asian Waters, ” 52.

91
. “Conflict of Interest Has Created Water Crisis, ” European Dialogue, April 13, 2011,
http://eurodialogue.org/conflict-of-interests-has-created-water-crisis
.

92
. “Kazakhstan and China Discuss Construction of Waterworks Facilities at Transborder Rivers, ”
Oslo Times
, January 18, 2013,
http://theoslotimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8414:Kazakhstan-and-china-discuss-construction-of-waterworks-facilities-at-transborder-rivers
.

93
. Aygun Badalova, “Kazakhstan, China to Build Waterworks Facilities on Trans-border Rivers, ” Trend News Agency, January 22, 2013,
http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/2110713.html
; and “Kazakhstan-Chinese Water Control Structure Opened on Khorgos River, ” BK News, July 5, 2013,
http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/147600/
.

94
. Elizabeth Economy, “Prepared Statement of Dr. Elizabeth Economy: Testimony Before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, ” Hearing: China's Global Quest for Resources and Implications for the United States, January 26, 2012, 37.

95
. Marko Keskinen, Katri Mehtonen, and Olli Varis, “Transboundary Cooperation vs. Internal Ambitions: The Role of China and Cambodia in the Mekong Region, ” in
International Water Security: Domestic Threats and Opportunities,
ed. Nevelina I. Pachova, Mikiyasu Nakayama, and Libor Jansky (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2008), 82.

96
. “Kristensen, J. 2001A. Food Security and Development in the Lower Mekong River Basin: A Challenge for the Mekong River Commission.
Paper delivered at the Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty: Reforming Policies and Institutions for Poverty Reduction, Manila, 5–9 February 2001.” As referenced in Jeffrey W. Jacobs, “The Mekong River Commission: Transboundary Water Resources Planning and Regional Security, ”
Geographical Journal
168, no. 4 (December 2002): 356; and Evelyn Goh, “China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang, ” Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Working Paper No. 69, July 2004, 1.

97
. Ellen Bruzelius Backer, “The Mekong River Commission: Does It Work, and How Does the Mekong Basin's Geography Influence Its Effectiveness?”
Südostasien aktuell
4/2007, 2007, 37–38.

98
. Matthew Garcia, “Chinese Dam Building Tests Southeast Asian Resilience, ”
Atlantic Sentinel
, March 10, 2012,
http://atlanticsentinel.com/2012/03/chinese-dam-building-tests-southeast-asian-resilience/
.

99
. Goh, “China in the Mekong River Basin”; Fred Pearce, “The Damming of the Mekong: Major Blow to an Epic River, ” Yale Environment 360 Report, June 16, 2009,
http://e360.yale.edu/feature/the_damming_of_the_mekong_major_blow_to_an_epic_river/2162/
; and “China becomes hydro superpower, ”
Xinhua,
August 26, 2010,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-08/26/content_11204360.htm
.

100
. Pearce, “Damming of the Mekong”; and Yoolim Lee, “China Hydropower Dams in Mekong River Give Shocks to 60 Million, ”
Bloomberg,
October 26, 2010,
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-26/china-hydropower-dams-in-mekong-river-give-shocks-to-60-million.html
.

101
. Pearce, “Damming of the Mekong.”

102
. Keskinen et al., “Transboundary Cooperation, ” in
International Water Security
, ed. Pachova et al., 82–83.

103
. “Kummu and Varis 2007; Kummu et al. 2007.” As referenced in Keskinen et al., “Transboundary Cooperation, ” in
International Water Security
, ed. Pachova et al., 82.

104
. As reported in Pearce, “Damming of the Mekong.”

105
. “MRC
http://www.lars2.org/Proceedings/vol1/Mekong_River_system.pdf
.” As referenced in Philip Hirsch and Kurt M. Jensen, “National Interests and Transboundary Water Governance in the Mekong, ” University of Sydney, May 2006, 16.

106
. Calum MacLeod, “China's New Dam Seen as a Water Hog, ”
USA Today
, April 22, 2010,
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/environment/2010-04-21-china-dam_N.htm
.

107
. Ibid.

108
. Yonglin Tang, “Lancang River Will Test China's River Diplomacy [Lancang Jiang Kaoyan Zhungguo Heliu Waijiao], ”
Southern Weekend
, April 1, 2010,
http://www.infzm.com/content/43354
.

109
. Ibid.

110
. MacLeod, “China's New Dam.”

111
. Banyan, “Drought, Floods and China's Dam-building Plans in Yunnan: Dammed If You Do, ”
Economist
, July 4, 2010,
www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2010/07/drought_floods_and_chinas_dam-building_plans_yunnan
.

112
. Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development, “Mekong Prime Ministers Agree to Prioritise Climate Change as Summit Ends, ” press release, April 5, 2010,
http://www.mrcmekong.org/news-and-events/news/mekong-prime-ministers-agree-to-prioritise-climate-change-as-summit-ends/
.

113
. Isabel Hilton, “Diverting the Brahmaputra—Much Ado About Nothing?” China Water Risk, February 9, 2012,
http://chinawaterrisk.org/opinions/diverting-the-brahmaputra-much-ado-about-nothing/
.

114
. “Horgan, J., 1996. Peaceful Nuclear Explosions: China's interest in this technology may scuttle a test-ban treaty. Scientific American, 274(6): 14–15”; and “Cathcart, R. B., 1999. Tibetan power: A unique hydro-electric macroproject servicing India and China. Current Science, 77(7): 854–855.” As referenced in Muhammad M. Rahaman and Olli Varis, “Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin: Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development, ”
Natural Resources Forum Special Issue: Integrated Water Resources Management in Water-Stressed Countries
33, no. 1 (February 2009): 72.

115
. Chellaney,
Water
, 132.

116
. Ibid.

117
. Jonathan Watts, “Chinese Engineers Propose World's Biggest Hydro-electric Project in Tibet, ”
Guardian
, May 24, 2010,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/may/24/chinese-hydroengineers-propose-tibet-dam
; and U.S. EIA, “International Energy Statistics, ”
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=90&pid=44&aid=8
.

118
. Chellaney,
Water
, 139.

119
. Ibid., 154.

120
. Ananth Krishnan, “Brahmaputra Waters Will Not Be Diverted, Indicates China, ”
Hindu
, June 14, 2011,
www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2103736.ece
.

121
. Indrani Bagchi, “Relief for India as China Says No Brahmaputra Diversion, ”
Times of India
, October 14, 2011,
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278545_1_brahmaputra-yarlung-tsangpo-india-and-china
.

122
. Robert G. Wirsing, Christopher Jasparro, and Daniel C. Stoll,
International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia: Conflict and Cooperation over Asia's Water Resources
(New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 123.

123
. Hilton, “Diverting the Brahmaputra.”

124
. Brahma Chellaney, “The Sino-Indian Water Divide, ”
Project Syndicate
, August 3, 2009,
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-sino-indian-water-divide
.

125
. “In the Fight for China's Water Resources, Who Will the Next Country Be? [Zhengduo Zhongguo Shui Ziyuan, Xia Yige Guojia Hui Shi Shei?]” ChinaIISS.com, March 28, 2013,
http://grass.chinaiiss.com/html/20103/28/wa2ca8.html
.

126
. Wang Yan, “The River Wild, ”
NewsChina Magazine
, January 2012,
http://www.newschinamag.com/magazine/the-river-wild
.

127
. Phunchok Stobdan, “IDSA Comment: China Should Not Use Water as a Threat Multiplier, ” Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, October 23, 2009,
http://www.idsa.in/idsastrategiccomments/Chinashouldnotusewaterasathreatmultiplier_PStobdan_231009
.

128
. “Abu Dhabi Host the 4th Dialogue on Southern Asia Water Cooperation, ” AMEinfo.com, October 24, 2009,
http://www.ameinfo.com/213463.html
.

129
. Ananth Krishnan, “China Gives Go-ahead for Three New Brahmaputra Dams, ”
The Hindu
, January 30, 2013.

130
. “PM Allays Fears on China Dams, ”
Assam Tribune
, March 7, 2013,
http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar0713/at05
.

1
. Josh Chin, “China Vows to Protect Chinese in Libya, ”
Wall Street Journal,
February 25, 2011.

2
. Gabe Collins and Andrew Erickson, “China Dispatches Warship to Protect Libya Evacuation Mission: Marks the PRC's First Use of Frontline Military Assets to Protect an Evacuation Mission, ” China SignPost, No. 25, February 24, 2011,
http://www.chinasignpost.com/2011/02/china-dispatches-warship-to-protect-libya-evacuation-mission-marks-the-prc%E2%80%99s-first-use-of-frontline-military-assets-to-protect-an-evacuation-mission/
.

3
. Julie Jiang and Jonathan Sinton,
Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies: Assessing the Drivers and Impacts
, Information Paper (Paris: International Energy Agency, June 2011), 8.

4
. U.S. EIA, “World Oil Transit Chokepoints, ” Analysis Briefs, last updated August 22, 2012.

5
. Ibid.

6
. It might seem as though ships from the southern part of South America would do better to travel around the southern tip of South America and onward through the Pacific. But sea currents move in the opposite direction, and the passage below South America is particularly treacherous.

7
. Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China
(2011).

8
. Ibid., 24.

9
. “‘近岸' can also be translated as ‘in-shore.' ‘近海' is sometimes translated as ‘off-shore.' But ‘off-shore' is too vague to reflect the relative distance that the Chinese term intends to express. To the extent the Eurocentric terms of Near East, Middle East, and Far East are translated as 近东, 中东, and 远东, it is appropriate to translate the Sinocentric terms of ‘近海, ' ‘中海, ' and ‘远海' as ‘near seas, ' ‘middle seas, ' and ‘far seas' to reflect the relative distance from China's shores.” As described in note 6 in Nan Li, “The Evolution of China's Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From ‘Near Coast' and ‘Near Seas' to ‘Far Seas, '” in
The Chinese Navy
, ed. Saunders et al., 135.

10
. As quoted in Nan Li, “The Evolution of China's Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From ‘Near Coast' and ‘Near Seas' to ‘Far Seas, '” in
The Chinese Navy
, ed. Saunders et al., 129.

11
. “Jiang and Hu cited in Tang and Wu, ‘A Study of China's Sea Defense Strategy, ' 93; Jiang cited in Wang Zhigang, ‘Haijun shi hanwei guojia liyi tuozhan de zhongyao liliang' [Navy Is an Important Force in Defending the Extension and Development of National Interests],
Guofang daxue xuebao (Journal of NDU)
, no. 10 (2005), 24; and in Chen Xuesong, Du Kai, ‘Zhongguo de haiquan yu haijun fazhan jianshe' [China's Sea Power Consciousness and Navy Development and Construction],
Military History
, 4 (2008), 72.” As cited in note 67 in Nan Li, “The Evolution of China's Naval Strategy and Capabilities: From ‘Near Coast' and ‘Near Seas' to ‘Far Seas, '” in
The Chinese Navy
, ed. Saunders et al., 139.

12
. David Lai, “Chinese Military Going Global, ”
China Security
5, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 4.

13
. “On the PLA's Historical Mission in the New Stage of the New Century, ”
Jiefangjun Bao
(PLA newspaper), January 9, 2006. As described in note 3 in Lai, “Chinese Military Going Global, ” 4.

14
. John Garnaut, “Xi's War Drums, ”
Foreign Policy
(May/June 2013).

15
. Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Annual Report to Congress
(2011).

16
. Ibid.

17
. Ibid.

18
. Andrew Erickson and Lyle Goldstein, “Gunboats for China's New ‘Grand Canals'?”
Naval War College Review
62, no. 2 (Spring 2009).

19
. Teddy Ng, “Xi Jinping Calls on Navy to Be Prepared for Struggle, ”
South China Morning Post
, April 12, 2013.

20
. Erickson and Goldstein, “Gunboats, ” 60.

21
. Ibid., 64.

22
. Collins and Erickson, “China Dispatches Warship”; and Gabe Collins and Andrew Erickson, “The PLA Air Force's First Overseas Operational Deployment: Analysis of China's Decision to Deploy IL-76 Transport Aircraft to Libya, ” China SignPost, March 1, 2011,
http://www.chinasignpost.com/2011/03/the-pla-air-force%E2%80%99s-first-overseas-operational-deployment-analysis-of-china%E2%80%99s-decision-to-deploy-il-76-transport-aircraft-to-libya/
.

23
. “PLA Navy Escort Mission in the Gulf of Aden, ” SinoDefence.com, May 1, 2009,
http://www.sinodefence.com/special/operations/anti-piracy.asp
.

24
. Cong Wang, “China to Send Navy to Fight Somali Pirates, ”
Xinhua
,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-12/18/content_10525310.htm
.