By All Means Necessary (35 page)

47
. Authors' calculations based on Heritage Investment Tracker.

48
. Barbara Kotschwar, Theodore H. Moran, and Julia Muir, “Chinese Investment in Latin American Resources: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, ” Peterson Institute for International Economics, Working Paper Series, February 2012, 3.

49
. Sonali Paul, “China Mine Hunt Turns to Africa, S. America, Asia, ”
Reuters
, March 23, 2012; and Woodrow Wilson Center, “Stepping Lighter?”

50
. “Chinese Companies Signed Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements with the Zambian Government [Zhongguo Qiye Yu Zanbiya Zhengfu Qianding Touzi Cujin Yu Baohu Xieyi], ”
Xinhua
, July 23, 2009,
http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2009-07/23/content_11761607.htm
.

51
. Charlie Zhu and Alison Lui, “China Shenhua Says Hopes to Restart Talks on Mongolia Mine, ” Mongolian Economy and Finance, March 26, 2012,
http://mongoliaeconomy.blogspot.com/2012/03/china-shenhua-says-hopes-to-restart.html
; and Jonathan Millet, “Mongolia's Tavan Tolgoi Basin to Sell Fuel to Shenhua Group Corp, ” ForexMinute.com, October 30, 2013,
http://www.forexminute.com/commodities-news/mongolias-tavan-tolgoi-basin-to-sell-fuel-to-shenhua-group-corp-19810
.

52
. Woodrow Wilson Center, “Stepping Lighter?”

53
. “China Now No. 1 Investor in Burma, ”
Mizzima News
, January 18, 2012,
http://www.mizzima.com/business/6436-china-now-no-1-investor-in-burma.html
.

54
. Peter Drysdale, “Australia: Time to Adapt, ”
East Asia Forum Quarterly
4, no. 2 (April–June 2012): 33.

55
. Juan Andrés Camus et al., “Strictly Business? An Examination of China's Natural Resource Acquisition Strategy in Latin America, ” Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, SIEPR Policy Brief, April 2013,
http://siepr.stanford.edu/?q=/system/files/shared/pubs/papers/briefs/Policy_Brief_04_2013v4.pdf
.

56
. Jansson et al., “Chinese Companies.”

57
. Magnus Ericsson and Viktoriya Larsson, “E&MJ's Annual Survey of Global Mining Investment, ”
Engineering & Mining Journal Website
, January 22, 2012, accessed September 4, 2013.

58
. Duncan Freeman, Jonathan Holslag, and Steffi Weil, “China's Foreign Farming Policy: Can Land Provide Security?”
Asia Paper
3, no. 9 (2008).

59
. Freeman et al., “China's Foreign Farming.”

60
. Beidahuang Group, “Unique Advantages of Beidahuang Group, ” 2007, accessed April 2013,
http://www.chinabdh.com/english/index_3.htm
.

61
. Carin Smaller, Wei Qu, and Yalan Liu, “Farmland and Water: China Invests Abroad, ” IISD Report (2012), 5.

62
. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
World Investment Report 2013
(Switzerland: United Nations, 2013).

63
. Stephen Chen, “Party Cadre Zhu Zhangjin Pins Hopes of Food Security on Overseas Farms, ”
South China Morning Post
, March 24, 2013,
http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1198218/party-cadre-zhu-zhangjin-pins-hopes-food-security-overseas-farms
.

64
. Phillippe Asanzi, “Chinese Agricultural Investments in Africa—Interests and Challenges, ”
China Monitor
, March 2012, 7.

65
. Chen, “Party Cadre.”

66
. Ibid.

67
. It is, however, “traded” in an embedded form when it is used to produce foodstuffs (notably soybeans) that are later traded internationally.

68
. Yan Feng and Daming He, “Transboundary Water Vulnerability and Its Drivers in China, ”
Journal of Geographical Sciences
19, no. 2 (2009): 195.

69
. Peter H. Gleick, “China and Water, ” in
The World's Water 2008–2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources
, ed. Peter H. Gleick et al. (Chicago: Island Press, 2008), 89.

70
. Feng and He, “Transboundary Water, ” 195.

71
. Ibid.

72
. Ibid.

1
. Chuin-Wei Yap, “Mongolia Is Feeling Friendlier Toward Foreign Investors, ”
Wall Street Journal
, August 28, 2013; and Clara Ferreira-Marques, “UPDATE 2-Mongolia Woos Back Miners After Investment Slump, ”
Reuters
, April 17, 2013.

2
. “Mongolia's Neighbors Vie for Maximum Role, ”
Associated Press,
January 2, 2013.

3
. Charles Hutzler, “Mongolia Finds That China Can Be Too Close for Comfort, ”
Associated Press,
December 5, 2012.

4
. Sant Maral Foundation, Politbarometer #10(43), April 2012,
http://santmaral.mn/sites/default/files/SMPBE12.Apr__0.pdf
.

5
. Peter Ford, “Mongolia's Relationship Status with China? Complicated, ”
The Christian Science Monitor
, July 25, 2012,
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2012/0725/Mongolia-s-relationship-status-with-China-Complicated
.

6
. Hutzler, “Mongolia Finds That China.”

7
. Fuli Song, Hong Zhang, and Jinghuai Wang, translated by Na Zhu, “Chinese Discrimination in Mongolia, ”
Nation
no. 583 (August 20, 2012): 12, accessed July 2013,
http://www.eeo.com.cn/ens/2012/0823/232367.shtml
.

8
. By creating demand for skilled labor, multinationals also put pressure on host countries (those into which foreign investment flows) to invest in education and vocational training. See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs” (OECD, 2002). Host countries may then develop the talent necessary to encourage further foreign investment.

9
. Layna Mosley and Saika Uno, “Racing to the Bottom or Climbing to the Top? Economic Globalization and Collective Labor Rights, ”
Comparative Political Studies
40, no. 8 (August 2007): 3.

10
. Feng Helen Liang, “Does Foreign Direct Investment Harm the Host Country's Environment? Evidence from China, ” Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley, April 12, 2006.

11
. Interestingly, an OECD study suggests that FDI has a larger positive impact on the host country's productivity when the technology gap between the host country and the foreign investor is small. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Foreign Direct Investment for Development: Maximising Benefits, Minimising Costs” (OECD, 2002).

12
. Dambisa Moyo, “Beijing, a Boon for Africa, ”
New York Times
, June 27, 2012.

13
. Paul Collier,
The Bottom Billion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 86.

14
. Deborah Brautigam,
The Dragon's Gift
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 21.

15
. Abdoulaye Wade, “Time for the West to Practise What It Preaches, ”
Financial Times
, January 23, 2008.

16
. Mike Cohen, “China's EXIM Lend More to Sub-Sahara Africa Than World Bank, Fitch Says, ”
Bloomberg
, December 28, 2011.

17
. Xiaojuan Wang, “Thorns in the African Dream, ” China Dialogue, January 2, 2012,
www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4748-thorns-in-the-African-dream-1
.

18
. Juan Andrés Camus et al., “Strictly Business? An Examination of China's Natural Resource Acquisition Strategy in Latin America, ” Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, SIEPR Policy Brief,
http://siepr.stanford.edu/?q=/system/files/shared/pubs/papers/briefs/Policy_Brief_04_2013v4.pdf
.

19
. Author interview, Lusaka, Zambia, January 2013.

20
. Author interview with senior oil official, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

21
. Esther Tanquintic-Misa, “UPDATE: Mining Rights to Gabon's Belinga Iron Ore Deposit in BHP Billiton's Hands Soon, ”
International Business Times
, January 31, 2012,
http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/290110/20120131/australia-gabon-africa-china-iron-ore-bhp.htm#.UYk-bVeFN8F
.

22
. Howard W. French, “China in Africa: All Trade, With No Political Baggage, ”
New York Times
, August 8, 2004,
www.nytimes.com/2004/08/08/international/asia/08china.html
.

23
. Ian Bremmer, “New Strings Attached in the China-Africa Relationship, ”
Globe and Mail
, April 3, 2013.

24
. Macky Sall, “Africa's Turn, ”
Foreign Affairs
(September/October 2013),
www.foreignaffairs.com/discussions/interviews/africas-turn?page=show
.

25
. Author interview with Dipak Patel, Lusaka, Zambia, January 2013.

26
. Doug Tsuroka, “China's Trade Embargo on Rare Earth Exports to Japan a First, ” Investors.com, September 23, 2010,
blogs.investors.com/click/index.php/home/60-tech/2015-chinas-trade-embargo-on-rare-earth-exports-to-japan-a-first
.

27
. Hutzler, “Mongolia Finds That China.”

28
. Jing Vivian Zhan, “Natural Resources and Corruption: Empirical Evidence from China, ” paper prepared for APSA 2011 Annual Meeting, September 1–4, 2011, Seattle, WA.

29
. Ibid., 9–10.

30
. Ivar Kolstad and Arne Wiig, “What Determines Chinese Outward FDI?” CMI Working Paper, 2009,
http://www.cmi.no/publications/publication/?3332=what-determines-chinese-outward-fdi
.

31
. Charles Wallace, “China, Not U.S., Likely to Benefit from Afghanistan's Mineral Riches, ”
Daily Finance
, June 15, 2010,
www.dailyfinance.com/2010/06/14/china-us-afghanistan-mineral-mining/
.

32
. James Yeager, “The Aynak Copper Tender: Implications for Afghanistan and the West, ” 2009, 19, 45,
http://www.scribd.com/doc/22004530/The-Aynak-Copper-Tender-Implications-for-Afghanistan-and-the-West
.

33
. Author interview with senior oil official, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

34
. Author interviews with Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials, Brasilia, March 27, 2013.

35
. Bijian Zheng, “China's ‘Peaceful Rise' to Great-Power Status, ”
Foreign Affairs
(September/October 2005), 22.

36
. Ibid., 20.

37
. Lamido Sanusi, “Africa Must Get Real About Chinese Ties, ”
Financial Times
, March 11, 2013.

38
. Dun Chen and Jialei Zhou, “Social Responsibility: A Problem Chinese Enterprises Overseas Must Confront [Shehui Zeren: Zhongguo Qiye ‘Zou Chuqu' Bixu Yingdui De Wenti], ”
China Economy and Trade
, May 23, 2012.

39
. Bo Ma and Chunlin Xin, “A Study of CSR Development in China [Woguo Qiye Shehui Zeren Fazhan Yanjiu], ”
Chemical Enterprise Management
, July 2012, 81.

40
. Chen and Zhou, “Social Responsibility.”

41
. “Zhonghui Mining Optimistic of Finalizing the Ichimpe Mine, ” SteelGuru.com, June 8, 2011,
http://www.steelguru.com/metals_news/Zhonghui_Mining_optimistic_of_finalizing_the_Ichimpe_mine/208824.html
.

42
. “Zhonghui Mining Calls for Support for Ichimpe Copper and Cobalt Mine in Zambia, ” SteelGuru.com, May 28, 2011,
http://www.steelguru.com/metals_news/Zhonghui_Mining_calls_for_support_ffor_Ichimpe_copper_and_cobalt_mine_in_Zambia/207298.html
.

43
. Author interview, Lusaka, Zambia, January 2013.

44
. “Base Metals Highlights: Top Stories of the Day, ” 4-traders.com, May 30, 2012,
http://www.4-traders.com/news/BASE-METALS-HIGHLIGHTS-Top-Stories-Of-The-Day--14349610/
.

45
. “Environmental Policy, ” Export-Import Bank of China, April 2007,
http://pacificenvironment.org/downloads/Chexim%20environmental%20policy%20Chinese%20and%20English.pdf
.

46
. “Country Guidelines for Foreign Investment: Zambia [Duiwai Touzi Hezuo Guobie (Dichu) Zhinan: Zanbiya], ” Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation at China's Ministry of Finance, 2011.

47
. Author interview, Lusaka, Zambia, 2013.

48
. Ibid.

49
. Joseph Nana Yaw Cobbina, “Illegal Chinese Miners Will Be Flushed out from Ghana, ” Sino-Africa, March 12, 2013,
www.sinoafrica.org/en/node/2308
.

50
. Ibid.

51
. Ibid.

52
. Afua Hirsch, “Ghana Deports Thousands in Crackdown on Illegal Chinese Goldminers, ”
Guardian
, July 15, 2013.

53
. “Chinese and Russian Companies ‘Most Likely to Bribe, '”
BBC News
, November 1, 2011.

54
. Author interview with extractive industry consultant, Maputo, Mozambique, January 2013.

55
. “2010 Social Responsibility Report [2010 Nian Shehui Zeren Baogao], ” China Metallurgical Group Corporation.

56
. “Country Guidelines for Foreign Investment: Papua New Guinea [Duiwai Touzi Hezuo Guobie (Dichu) Zhinan: Babuya Xin Jineiya], ” Department of Outward Investment and Economic Cooperation at China's Ministry of Finance, 2011.

57
. “Landholders Vow to Stop Ramu Mine Production, ” PNG Mine Watch, December 12, 2011,
www.Ramumine.wordpress.com/2011/12/12/landholders-vow-to-stop-ramu-mine-production/
.

58
. Ibid.

59
. Rainforest Portal, “Action Alert: Resistance Growing to Ecologically Devastating Chinese Mining Invasion of Madang, Papua New Guinea, ” April 1, 2010,
http://forests.org/shared/alerts/sendsm.aspx?id=png_ramu_mine_1_4_2010
.

60
. Ibid.; and Kevin Pamba, “New PNG Mine Project Stirs up Furore, ”
Asia Times Online
, August 27, 1999,
www.atimes.com/oceania/AH27Ah01.html
.