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Authors: Odd Arne Westad

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the CPSU CC Politburo on July 11, 1949, and first published by Andrei Ledovsky, "The Moscow Visit of a Delegation of the Communist Party of China in June to August 1949,"
Far Eastern Affairs
4 (1996): 64-85. The emphasis is Stalin's. The full text is in the appendix to the present volume, document III.
28. Former Soviet Vice-Foreign Minister Mikhail S. Kapitsa, author's interview, Moscow, September 7, 1992 (hereafter "Kapitsa interview"). For accounts of Liu's visit, see Shi Zhe,
Zai lishi jüren shenbian
[Beside historical giants] (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian, 1991); Ivan V. Kovalev, "Dialog Stalina s Ma Tsedunom"
Problemy Dalnego Vostoka,
6 ( 1991 ): 83-93; 1-3 ( 1992): 77-91; Zhu Yuanshi, "Liu Shaoqi 1949 nian mimi fangSu" (Liu Shaoqi's secret visit to the Soviet Union),
Dang de wenxian,
3 (1991): 77-9.
29. Record of conversation, Stalin-Liu, June 27, 1949, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 329, p. 4.
30. This, indeed, may have been one reason why Mao suggested that he visit "the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe" in April 1948 (Ledovsky, "The Moscow Visit," 77).
31. Record of conversation, Mao Zedong-Roshchin, October 16, 1949, AVPRF, f. 07, op. 22, pa. 36, d. 220, pp. 48-51.
32. Record of conversation, Roshchin-Zhou Enlai, November 10, 1949, AVPRF, f. 0100, op. 42, pa. 288, d. 19, pp. 81-5; Andrei Gromyko to Stalin, November 26, 1949, AVPRF, f. 07, op. 22a, pa. 13, d. 198, pp. 32-6.
33. This summary of the 1949-50 Moscow summit is based in part on Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai,
Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993) and is largely consistent with the findings in that volume. The reminiscences of one of Stalin's main China advisers, Ivan Kovalev, provide a useful, but expectedly one-sided, guide to the talks: Kovalev, "Dialog Stalina s Mao Tszedunem" [Stalin's dialogue with Mao Zedong],
Problemy dalnego vostoka
6 (1991): 83-93 and 1-3 (1992): 77-91, also useful are the reminiscences of Shi Zhe, Mao's Russian interpreter:
Zai lishi jüren shenbian
[Beside historical giants] (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian, 1991). The most complete archival holdings on the negotiations are in Vyshinskii's ministerial papers, AVPRF, f. 07, op. 23a-d. These must, however, be supplemented by the available Chinese documents, for instance, in Zhonghua renmin gongheguo waijiaobu and Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, comps.,
Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan
[Selected Mao Zedong works on foreign affairs] (Beijing:

 

page_37<br/>
Page 37
Zhongyang wenxian, 1994), 117-32, or Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, comp.,
Jianguo yilai Mao Zedong wengao
[Mao Zedong works since the founding of the PRC] (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian, 1987), vol. 1, 189-267. See also Dieter Heinzig, "The Sino-Soviet Alliance Treaty Negotiations: A Reappraisal in Light of New Sources," paper presented at a CWIHP/Dangdai Zhongguo yanjiusuo conference, Beijing, October 1997.
34. Records of conversation, Stalin-Mao, December 16, 1949, and January 22, 1950, APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 329, 9-17 and 29-38; see also Goncharov et al.,
Uncertain Partners;
Chen Jian,
China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
35. Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission," 88-9; Hu Qiaomu,
Hu Qiaornu huiyi Mao Zedong
[Hu Qiaomu remembers Mao Zodong] (Beijing: Renmin, 1994), 88; Mao to CCP Central Committee, January 3, 1950, in
Mao Zedong waijiao wenxuan,
122.
36. Records of conversation, Roshchin-Zhou Enlai, November 10, 1949, and Roshchin-Li Kenong, November 17, 1949, AVPRF f. 07, op. 22, pa. 36, d. 220, pp. 52-56 and 67-73. Ambassador Roshchin's conversation with Li, the head of the CCP intelligence services, gives a fairly good overview of Chinese aims in foreign policy prior to Mao's trip. The Chinese priorities were confirmed in the Kapitsa interview and the author's conversations with Vietnamese party historians, Hanoi, January 1996.
37. For further discussion, see comments by Chen Jian, Vojtech Mastny, Odd Arne Westad, and Vladislav Zubok in
CWIHP Bulletin,
6/7 (Winter 1995/1996): 20-7.
38. See Kathryn Weathersby, "The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War: New Documentary Evidence,"
Journal of American-East Asian Relations
2, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 425-58; "To Attack or Not to Attack? Stalin, Kim I1 Sung and the Prelude to War,"
CWIHP Bulletin
5 (Spring 1995): 1-9. Both the Russian Foreign Ministry archives (AVPRF, f. 59a) and the archives of the former CPSU Central Committee (TsKhSD, f. 89) have set up consolidated collections of declassified Russian documents on the Korean war.
39. Michael H. Hunt, "Beijing and the Korean Crisis, June 1950-June 1951,"
Political Science Quarterly
107 (Fall 1992): 453-78; Thomas Christensen, "Threats, Assurances, and the Last Chance for Peace: The Lessons of Mao's Korean War Telegrams,"
International Security
17 (Summer 1992): 122-54; and Alexandre Mansourov, "Stalin, Mao, Kim, and China's Decision to Enter the Korean War: September 16-October 15, 1950: New Evidence from the Russian Archives,"
CWIHP Bulletin
6/7 (Winter 1995/1996): 94-107.

 

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