Blowback (61 page)

18
.

Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 135ff.

19
.

For Lyon quotes and role of Lyon and Crawford, see CIC Agent Paul Lyon, “Rat Line from Austria to South America,” July 12, 1948 (top secret), and Paul Lyon, “History of the Italian Rat Line,” April 10, 1950 (top secret), obtained via FOIA from U.S. Army INSCOM, Fort Meade, Md. Department of Justice's version: Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 135ff.

20
.

CIC Special Agent Robert C. Mudd, op. cit. See also Mudd's report of September 5, 1947 (secret) for list of Ustachi fugitives under Dragonovic's care in 1947, Document Nos. 307–310. Both are in Dragonovic, INSCOM Dossier XE 207018.

21
.

Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 28ff. On Barbie, see also Magnus Linklater, Isabel Hilton, and Neal Ascherson,
The Nazi Legacy
(New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1984); Murphy, op. cit.; Tom Bower,
Klaus Barbie
(New York: Pantheon, 1984).

22
.

Klaus Barbie CI Special Interrogation Report 62 (CI-SIR/62), April 15, 1948 (secret), reproduced in Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tab 27.

23
.

Lieutenant Colonel Ellington Golden to commanding officer, Hq 970th CIC Detachment, “Subject: Klaus BARBIE,” December 11, 1947 (top secret); and E. Dabringhaus, “Agents' [
sic
] Monthly Report,” September 15, 1948 (top secret), reproduced in Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tabs 18 and 31.

24
.

Russ Belant, “Prof. Discusses US Ties to Postwar Nazis,” (Wayne State University)
The South End
(February 14, 1983). Erhard Dabringhaus interview, January 1986.

25
.

Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 69n. On Reny Hardy Affair, see Linklater et al., op. cit. pp. 77–96 passim.

26
.

Ibid., p. 78.

27
.

Ibid., pp. 150–54. See also George Neagoy, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Disposal of Dropped Intelligence Informant,” March 27, 1951 (top secret), reproduced in Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tab 104.

28
.

Konrad Adenauer,
Memoirs 1945–1953
, tr. Beate Ruhm von Oppen (Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1966), p. 445, cited in Tom Bower,
Blind Eye to Murder
(London: Paladin-Grenada, 1983), p. 421, hereinafter cited as Bower,
Blind Eye.
For accounts of McCloy's amnesties from varying perspectives, see Bower,
Blind Eye
, pp. 411ff., and Benjamin Ferencz,
Less Than Slaves
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 72ff. On U.S. consideration of a nuclear attack in the Korean War, see Gregg Herken,
The Winning Weapon
(New York: Vintage, 1982), pp. 332–335.

29
.

Bower,
Blind Eye
, p. 415.

30
.

Office of the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany's Office of Public Affairs, “Landsberg: A Documentary Report,”
Information Bulletin
(February 15, 1950) p. 1ff.

31
.

Ibid.

32
.

Bower,
Blind Eye
, p. 418. See also Joseph Borkin,
The Crime and Punishment of I. G. Farben
(New York: Free Press, 1978).

33
.

Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 280–84. See also following correspondence obtained via FOIA for documentary background: Representative Peter Rodino to comptroller general, February 17, 1983; Allan Ryan to Joseph Moore (FBI), February 18, 1983; and GAO Director William Anderson to FBI Director William Webster, March 2, 1983. A sanitized version of Barbie's FBI file available via FOIA includes similar internal DOJ correspondence on this investigation; see FBI File No. 105–221892 on Klaus Barbie.

34
.

Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 212.

35
.

Lyon, “History of the Italian Rat Line,” loc. cit.

36
.

Lyon, “Rat Line from Austria to South America,” loc. cit.

37
.

Lyon, “History of the Italian Rat Line,” loc. cit.

38
.

Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 158, and Allan Ryan interview, May 9, 1984.

39
.

Lyon, “History of the Italian Rat Line,” loc. cit. Bishop's name has been removed from the version of this document published by the Department of Justice; see Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tab 94.

40
.

Bishop and Crayfield, op. cit., p. 7. See Brown, op. cit., pp. 679–81, on Bishop's work in Bucharest. On Bishop's intelligence work, see also “American Military Unit in Bucharest” (secret),
Mediterranean Theater of Operations Security Histories
, Folder 195b, Box 39, Entry 99, RG 226, records of the OSS, NA, Washington, D.C.; based also on Seraphim Buta interview, April 18, 1985. Bishop's own recounting of the liberation of Romania is found in Colonel Robert Bishop, “I Saw the Reds Taste Freedom,”
Collier's
(December 25, 1948). Bishop's ongoing work for U.S. intelligence is not mentioned in the
Collier's
text. The National Personnel Records Center reports that its records indicate that Bishop died on November 28, 1958.

41
.

Lyon, “History of the Italian Rat Line,” loc. cit.

42
.

John M. Hobbins, “Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Informant Disposal, Emigration Methods of the 430th CIC Detachment,” n.d. (top secret), reproduced in Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tab. 96, with quote on pp. 7–8. On Justice Department's denial of CIA involvement mentioned above in the text, see Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 145n.

43
.

Neagoy transfer to the CIA: Ryan,
Barbie Report
, p. 145n. Dragonovic and U.S. intelligence: Dragonovic, INSCOM dossier XE 207018, “Operational Work Sheet, 20 Oct '60, Subject: Krunoslav Stefano Dragonovic” (confidential), Document 127.

44
.

Linklater et al., op. cit., pp. 195–96. On currency smuggling trial, see documents 038–043 of Dragonovic's CIC dossier. On association with Bonifacic, see Bonifacic and Mihnovich, op. cit., p. 293ff.

45
.

Nathaniel Sheppard, “Arrest of Nine Terror Suspects Brings Uneasy Calm to Croatian-Americans,”
New York Times
, July 23, 1981, p. 8; Arnold Lubasch, “10 Croatians on Trial on Racketeering Charge,”
New York Times
, February 21, 1982, p. 6; “Six Croatians Convicted in NY of Plots Against Countrymen,”
Washington Post
, May 16, 1982, p. 12; “6 Croatian Nationalists Given Long Prison Terms by Judge,”
New York Times
, July 4, 1982, p. 13; Arnold Lubasch, “Use of Racketeering Law Is Barred in Case Against Croatian Terrorists,”
New
York Times
, January 27, 1983, p. 5. Croatian terrorists have also been very active in Australia and are reported to have been involved in a complex scandal involving tacit sponsorship by the Australian Secret Intelligence Organization (ASIO); see “Australian Police Raid Secret Service,”
Washington Star
, March 16, 1973, and Joan Coxsedge, “One, Two, Three—Ustasha Are We!” Melbourne (Australia) Unitarian Peace Memorial Church Pamphlet No. 1, 1972.

1
.

Virtually all National Security Council documentation concerning NSC 86, NSCID 13, and NSCID 14 remains classified. Brief declassified discussions of the status and general program of these decisions can be found, however, at
National Security Council, Status of Projects Report
, for January 18, and 30, 1950 (p. 2); March 13, 1950 (p. 1); October 2, 1950 (p. 4); October 16, 1950 (p. 14); October 23, 1950 (pp. 14–15); November 20, 1950 (pp. 15–16); February 26, 1951 (p. 14); March 26, 1951 (pp. 11–12); April 2, 1951 (pp. 9–10); April 23, 1951 (p. 1); July 28, 1952 (p. 3); August 11, 1952 (p. 1). A small collection of heavily sanitized correspondence and memos concerning NSC 86 was released following an FOIA request by the author. Of this group, see particularly “Memorandum for the Ad Hoc Committee on NSC 86, Subject: U.S. Policy on Defectors,” February 8, 1951 (top secret), with attachments, and Francis Stevens, “In the Present World Struggle for Power … [title and date deleted, 1950?],” Document 10205 (secret), NSC 86 file, RG 273, NA, Washington, D.C., which, although largely censored, outline the main purposes and tactics of the defector program. Stevens argues that the return of General Vlasov and his senior officers to the USSR at the close of World War II was an error. Extending asylum to ROA veterans was later undertaken “at first clandestinely and recently more openly,” he writes. See also National Security Council,
Policies of the Government of the United States of America Relating to the National Security
, vol. III, 1950 (top secret), p. 148, and vol. IV, 1951 (top secret), pp. 40–41, RG 273, NA, Washington, D.C. Additional documentation is at National Security Council,
Record of Actions
, January 19, 1950 (No. 274); March 3, 1950 (No. 281); October 12, 1950 (No. 364); April 18, 1951 (No. 462); and Actions No. 662–663 (all top secret), now at RG 273, NA, Washington, D.C. See also NSC 5706, loc. cit. On the escapee program, which was a major component of U.S. handling of defectors during this period, see Edward W. Lawrence, “The Escapee Program,”
Information Bulletin
, Office of the U.S. High Commissioner for Germany (March 1952), p. 6ff. See also James P. O'Donnell, “They Tell Us Stalin's Secrets,”
Saturday Evening Post
(May 3, 1952), p. 32ff.

2
.

NSC 5706, loc. cit. On International Rescue Committee, see John M. Crewdson, “Group Led by CIA Board Nominee Reportedly Got $15,000 from Agency,”
New York Times
, February 20, 1976, and U.S. Displaced Persons Commission,
The DP Story: Final Report of the U.S. Displaced Persons Commission
(Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 270, 285–86, 289, and 292–93 on the IRC, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Tolstoy Foundation, Latvian Relief, Inc., United Lithuanian Relief Fund of America, and other beneficiaries of U.S. government refugee relief aid. See
also NCFE,
President's Report
, for 1953 (p. 18ff.) and 1954 (pp. 18–24), on aid to groups primarily underwritten by the NCFE.

3
.

For Saltonstall comment and McCone's reply, see Wise and Ross, op. cit., p. 130n. On use of CIA funds to lobby Congress mentioned above in text, see Price, op. cit., p. CRS-10, and documents released through Department of State FOIA Case no. 8404249, September 25, 1986, loc. cit.

For congressional testimony and lobbying activities by ACEN leaders, see Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate,
A Study of Anatomy of Communist Takeovers Prepared by the Assembly of Captive European Nations
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1966); Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S. House of Representatives,
International Communism
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1956); Select Committee to Investigate the Incorporation of the Baltic States into the USSR, U.S. House of Representatives,
Hearings
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1953); see also National Committee for a Free Europe,
President's Report
, 1953, p. 18ff., and 1954, p. 18ff. For discussions of the role of Eastern European exile associations in lobbying Congress, see “[Representative] Kersten's Investigatory House Committee Meets in Munich,”
ABN Correspondence
(May-September 1954), p. 1; “Lithuanian American Council,”
Lituanus
(July 1955), p. 23, about lobbying against the genocide treaty and in favor of creation of congressional investigating committees; and V. S. Vardys, “Congressional Investigations of Communists Abroad,”
Lituanus
(February 1956), concerning the Katyn investigation, the Kersten Amendment, creation of Escapee Program, role in congressional elections; and Mathias, op. cit., p. 975ff.

4
.

On “thousands of Waffen SS veterans and other Nazi collaborators,” see Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 26–27. On political role of these people within the broader Eastern European immigration, please see the detailed discussion that follows in the text and source notes.

5
.

1985 GAO Report;
see also Ralph Blumenthal, “2 War Criminals Had Official Help in Getting to U.S., Study Finds,”
New York Times
, June 29, 1985; Thomas O'Toole, “The Secret Under the Little Cemetery,”
Washington Post
, May 23, 1982; Charles Allen,
Nazi War Criminals in America: Facts … Action
(Albany, N.Y.: Charles Allen Productions, Inc., 1981).

On CIA desire for thousands of informants and covert operations, see “Explanatory Background Information for the Guidance of Consular Officers in Implementing Section 2, Subsection (d) of the Displaced Persons Act,” February 24, 1950 (confidential), AG 383.7 1948–1949-1950, RG 407, NA, Washington,
D.C. These State Department records are contained in the files of the Army Adjutant General's Office.

6
.

Ibid.

7
.

Ibid.

The Council for a Free Czechoslovakia boasts of receiving such “in blank” visas in its publication
In Search of Haven
(Washington, D.C: Council for a Free Czechoslovakia, 1950). On political use of these visas, see also Kurt Glaser, “Psychological Warfare's Policy Feedback,”
Ukrainian Quarterly
(Spring 1953), p. 175. Glaser contends that the visas were extended too freely to the more liberal groupings among Eastern European émigrés such as the Council for a Free Czechoslovakia, resulting in a supposedly “soft” line on the USSR among U.S. intelligence analysts in 1953. For data on CIA funding of exile groups mentioned in text, see source note 2, above.

8
.

NSC 5706, loc. cit., p. 2 (paragraph 5), 6 (paragraph 16, 17), 9 (paragraph 26), 13ff., and 23 (CIA coordination of defector cases).

9
.

For funding data, see NSC 5706, loc. cit.; “Operations Coordinating Board Report on U.S. Policy on Defectors, Escapees and Refugees from Communist Areas,” of July 9, 1958, January 21 and July 15, 1959, and September 14, 1960, National Security Council Policy Papers file, RG 273, NA, Washington, D.C; U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit.; and Comptroller General of the United States,
U.S. Government Monies Provided to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty
, loc. cit.

In a nutshell, the NSC's committee responsible for authorization and coordination of CIA clandestine operations (named the Operations Coordinating Board during the Eisenhower administration) was given responsibility for oversight and coordination of both clandestine and “overt” refugee aid funds channeled through the CIA, International Cooperation Administration, Department of Agriculture's surplus food programs, and others. These funds were then extended to private refugee relief agencies favored by the government for their ability to “contribut[e] to the achievement of U.S. national security objectives both toward Communist-dominated areas and the Free World” (NSC 5706, p. 2). Many aspects of this large program remain secret to this day. Even so, the available records clearly establish that, first, intelligence-gathering and national security objectives were the government's central rationale for funding relief programs serving Soviet bloc refugees and, secondly, that refugee programs were an integral part of the U.S. government's broader covert action strategy during the 1950s.

10
.

NSC 5706, pp. 2, 13.

11
.

On Vanagis' postwar role in Displaced Persons camps, see
Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
(November 1955), available in the New York Public Library. On Latvian militia participation in pogroms and mass murders, see Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 204–205 and 254, and Gilbert,
Holocaust
, pp. 155–57 and 388. On their flight to Germany at war's end, Dallin,
German Rule
, p. 621n. For the Vanagis' own version of their role in the SS and in Nazi collaboration in Latvia, see
Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
(November 1951, January 1953, February 1953, March 1953, and April 1953).

12
.

Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
(November 1955). See also L. R. Wynar,
Encyclopedie
Directory of Ethnic Organizations in the United States
(Littleton, Colo.: Libraries, Inc., 1975).

13
.

On IRC, see U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit, pp. 285–86 and 293. See also NCFE,
President's Report
, 1953, p. 22, and 1954, p. 18ff. For documentation concerning use of RFE for funding of exile leaders, see the correspondence released through Department of State FDIA Case No. 8404249, loc. cit.

14
.

On Hazners, see U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit. p. 25, and CBS television,
60 Minutes
transcript for May 17, 1982, pp. 8–9, which includes reporting of Hazners's wartime role and on Hazners's successful defense against an effort by the U.S. Justice Department to deport him. Hazners reproduces his Iron Cross award, signed by Adolf Hitler, in his autobiography: Vilis Arveds Hazners,
Varmacibas Torni
(Lincoln, Neb.: Vaidava, 1977).

15
.

For Hazners's role in the Committee for a Free Latvia, see Wynar, op. cit., and
Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
, loc. cit. On ACEN/CIA link, see Chapter Fourteen, source note 3, above.

16
.

Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
, loc. cit.

17
.

U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit. pp. 34–35, and U.S. Department of Justice press statement of August 16, 1984. On Maikovskis's ACEN role, see Assembly of Captive European Nations, op. cit., p. 186. See also “Soviets Demand U.S. Extradite L. I. Man,”
New York Times
, June 12, 1965; “Latvia Opens Trial of 61 on Charges of War Killings,”
New York Times
, October 12, 1965, p. 5; “Riga Court Dooms 5 for Nazi Crimes,”
New York Times
, October 31, 1965, p. 22; and Ralph Blumenthal, “U.S. Opens New Drive on Former Nazis,”
New York Times
, December 30, 1973, p. 1. Maikovskis's attorney, Ivars Berzins, declined comment on this issue in a telephone interview, November 25, 1985.

18
.

Berzins's CROWCASS entry is found at CROWCASS,
Wanted List No. 14
, loc. cit., p. 14. See also Alfreds Berzins, INSCOM Dossier No. XE 257645 D 25A 2664 (secret); and Berzins's “Declaration of Intention” in INS File A7–845-451 concerning his arrival in the United States and subsequent application for citizenship.

19
.

Alfreds Berzins, INSCOM dossier no. XE 257645 D 25A 2664. Berzins's publications in the United States include Alfreds Berzins,
I
Saw Vishinsky Bolshevize Latvia
(Washington, D.C.: Latvian Legation, 1948); Alfreds Berzins,
The Two Faces of Co-Existence
(New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1967);
Latvia
(Washington, D.C.: American Latvian Association in the U.S., Inc., 1968);
The Unpunished Crime
(New York: Robert Speller & Sons, n.d.), with an introduction by Senator Thomas Dodd that features a brief—and erroneous—account of Berzins's wartime activities. On positions in Latvian organizations, see
Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
and ACEN, op. cit., pp. 153, 183, 187, and 189. See also Assembly of Captive European Nations, FBI file No. 105–32982 (obtained in sanitized form via the FOIA).

It is worth noting that the “Latvian Legation” in Washington, D.C., that financed many of Berzins's early postwar activities was actually a U.S. sponsored “government-in-exile” for Latvia created when the State Department refused to recognize the USSR's forcible annexation of Latvia (and Lithuania
and Estonia) during the Hitler-Stalin pact period immediately prior to World War II. All Latvian financial assets in the United States were frozen, then turned over to an émigré “government,” led primarily by former Latvian Ambassador to the U.S. Alfred Bilmanis. A full accounting of this money has never been made public, but it is clear that the émigrés spent substantial sums on publishing and diplomatic receptions throughout the 1940s and 1950s. An émigré Latvian “legation” continues to operate in Washington.

20
.

Daugavas Vanagi Biletens
(February 1951). Hazners was editor of the
Biletens
at this point; the president of the organization at the time was V. Janums, who is also accused of war crimes by the present Soviet Latvian government.

21
.

U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit., pp. 100–02. For more on lobbying by religious groups in favor of admission to the United States of Baltic SS legions, see “Church Unit Denies War Is Inevitable,”
New York Times
, January 18, 1951.

22
.

U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit. See also “Freedom Forecast for Baltic States,”
New York Times
, June 17, 1951, p. 38; “Dr. Edward M. O'Connor, 77, Former NSC Staffer, Dies,”
Washington Post
, November 27, 1985; and particularly “R.M.,” “Edward O'Connor Remembered in Cleveland Ceremonies,”
America
(January 27, 1986), p. 3.

23
.

Joseph Boley, “United Lithuanian Relief Fund of America,”
Lituanus
(October 1956), p. 20ff. See also “Lithuanian Aid Sought, Relief Fund Plans to Bring 5,000 More D.P.'s Here,”
New York Times
, January 17, 1951. For documentation on funding of BALF by the government and the Catholic Church, see U.S. Displaced Persons Commission, op. cit., p. 293.

24
.

On Lithuanians facing deportation for participation in Nazi crimes, see U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations, op. cit., and U.S. Department of Justice press statements of July 8, 1983, March 27, June 1, and November 9, 1984, and April 29, 1985, concerning cases against ten Lithuanian veterans of the SS and members of collaborationist militia forces.

25
.

“Priest in Brooklyn as Soviet Tries Him on Wartime Charge,”
New York Times
, March 9, 1964; “Soviet Lithuania Orders 7 Jailed as Nazi Aides,”
New York Times
, March 16, 1964; and Ralph Blumenthal, “U.S. Opens New Drive on Former Nazis,” loc. cit. For the Soviet Lithuanian government's account of Jankus's wartime activities, see
Who Is Hiding on Grand Street?
(Vilnius: Mintis Publishing House, 1964).

26
.

Comptroller General of the United States,
Widespread Conspiracy to Obstruct Probes of Alleged Nazi War Criminals Not Supported by Available Evidence
—
Controversy May Continue
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978), GAO Report No. GGD-78–73, pp. 34–39. On Belorussian (White Russian) émigrés discussed in footnote above, see William Doherty, “Author: Documents Prove U.S. Recruited Russian Nazis,”
Boston Globe
, February 19, 1985, p. 5; and John Loftus, “Covert Violations of Congressional Restrictions,” paper (with archival facsimiles) prepared for media release, February 18, 1985.

27
.

Paddock, op. cit., pp. 121–23 and 129ff. Also Prouty interview, April 12, 1984.

28
.

Paddock, op. cit., pp. 121–23 and 149, and Simpson,
Inside the Green Berets
, loc. cit., pp. 24–25. See also “AG 342.18 GPA Subject: Enlistment in the
Regular Army of 2500 Aliens,” June 1, 1951 (secret), RG 407, NA, Washington, D.C.

29
.

“File No. ID 907, Analysis of Available DP Manpower,” February 25, 1948 (top secret), P&O 091.714 TS (Section 1, Case 1), RG 319, NA, Washington, D.C.

30
.

Ibid.

31
.

For assignments to atomic, chemical, and biological warfare missions, see “(M) 342.18 (10 Apr 52) Priorities and Special Qualifications for Enlistment of Aliens Under Public Law 597” (secret—security information), AG 342.18, 1948–1949-1950, RG 407, NA, Washington, D.C. For arrival and disposition of Lodge Act recruits, see series of surveys of various dates from 1951 to 1954 headed “AGTP-P 342.18 Screening of Lodge Bill Personnel for Special Forces Activities” (confidential), AG 342.18, 1948–1949-1950, RG 407, NA, Washington, D.C. For a popular presentation of one group of recruits, see William Ulman, “1,000 Red Army Vets Train GI's,”
Nation's Business
(June 1955), p. 46ff.

32
.

On Bank's role in special warfare, see Paddock, op. cit, pp. 119–59 passim. On Bank's role in Barbie affair, see Ryan,
Barbie Exhibits
, Tab. 36.

33
.

Simpson,
Inside the Green Berets
, loc. cit., p. 39.

34
.

On Witsell ruling, see “AGSE 342.18 Subject: Enlistment in the Regular Army of Aliens,” November 7, 1952, Special Regulations (restricted—security information), Tab B, p. 7, AG342.18, 1948–1949-1950, RG 407, NA, Washington, D.C. For enlistment figures, see Paddock, op. cit., p. 149.

35
.

Richard Harwood, “Green Berets Dislike ‘Image,'”
Washington Post
, August 17, 1969.