Blowback (63 page)

43
.

Ray Ylitalo interview, June 18, 1984.

44
.

Lyman Kirkpatrick,
The Real CIA
(New York: Macmillan, 1968), p. 149ff. Also Lyman Kirkpatrick interview, April 11, 1984.

45
.

Ylitalo interview, June 18, 1984.

46
.

Lyman Kirkpatrick interview, April 11, 1984.

47
.

Lyman Kirkpatrick interview, April 11, 1984, and Ylitalo interview, June 18, 1984. On leaks from McCarthy's office, see Kirkpatrick, op. cit., pp. 151–53; and Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 288n.

48
.

Kirkpatrick, op. cit., pp. 152–53.

For background on Grombach's long-standing dispute with the CIA, see Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, U.S. House of Representatives, 80th Congress,
National Security Act of 1947
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1947). These unusual hearings were held to discuss the founding of a proposed central intelligence agency and were originally published in 1947 with the names of the witnesses suppressed. General Hoyt Vandenberg was thus originally identified only as “Mr. A,” Allen Dulles became “Mr. B,” and so on. Grombach testified on pp. 49–53 as “Mr. D” and strongly opposed extending overall authority over clandestine intelligence collection to any one agency. These hearings were eventually republished with new appendices in 1982 by the Committee on Government Operations and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

49
.

For coverage of Thayer's resignation, see “19 Lose U.S. Posts on Morals Charge,”
New York Times
, April 21, 1953, p. 32; “Aide Will Be Queried on Resignation Story,”
New York Times
, April 28, 1953, p. 36; and Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 288n. See also Charles Wheeler Thayer, U.S. Army INSCOM Dossier no. X8889748 (secret).

50
.

On Davies's role in Hilger immigration, see Berlin to Washington dispatch marked “Personal for Kennan,” 862.00/9–2548, September 25, 1948 (top secret); Heidelberg to Washington dispatch marked “For Kennan,” 862.00/ 9–2748, September 27, 1948 (top secret), which suggests use of false identities; Washington to Heidelberg, 862.00/9–2848, September 28, 1948 (top secret); Heidelberg to Washington, 862.00/9–3048, September 30, 1948 (top secret), all of which are found in RG 59, NA, Washington, D.C.

On Davies's role in Poppe's immigration, see “For [Carmel] Offie from [John Paton] Davies,” 800.4016 DP/3–848, March 8, 1948 (secret); “For Offie from Davies,” 893.00 Mongolia/3–1848, March 18, 1948 (secret); “For [James] Riddleberger from [George] Kennan,” 861.00/10–2248, October 22, 1948 (secret—sanitized);
“Personal for Kennan from Riddleberger,” 861.00/11–248, November 2, 1948 (secret—sanitized); and “Personal for Riddleberger from Kennan,” 800.4016 DP/5–449, May 3, 1949 (secret), signed also by Robert Joyce, all at RG 59, NA, Washington, D.C.

On Davies's role on Ulus and Sunsh affair, see “For [Carmel] Offie from [John Paton] Davies,” May 27, 1948 (secret), 800.43 Eurasian Institute/5–2748 secret file; “From Tehran to Secretary of State, attention John Davies,” re: Ulus and Sunsh, July 27, 1948 (secret), 800.43 Eurasian Institute/7–2748 secret file; “Department of State to AMEMBASSY, Tehran,” re: Sunsh, July 27, 1948 (secret), 800.43 Eurasian Institute/7–2748; “For Davies from Dooher,” re: Ulus, August 12, 1948 (secret), 800.43 Eurasian Institute/8–1248; “Department of State to AMEMBASSY, Athens,” initialed by Kennan, October 12, 1948 (secret), 800.43 Eurasion [
sic
] Institute/10–1248, all in RG 59, NA, Washington, D.C. Also Poppe interviews, October 26 and December 4, 1984, Davies interview, November 28, 1983, and Evron Kirkpatrick interview, November 10, 1983.

51
.

For
Times's
characterization of Davies's position, see
New York Times Index
, 1954, p. 1154; for Davies's characterization, Davies interview, November 28, 1983.

52
.

For an account of Tawney Pippet, see testimony of Lyle H. Munson in Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, U.S.
Senate, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 2751ff., and Robert Steele (Lately Thomas),
When Even Angels Wept
(New York: Morrow, 1973), p. 376n.

53
.

Walter Waggoner, “Dulles Dismisses Davies as a Risk; Loyalty Not Issue,”
New York Times
, November 6, 1954, p. 1; and “Text of Statements by Davies and Dulles on the Former's Ouster,”
New York Times
, November 6, 1954, p. 8. For a concise overview of the Davies affair and its aftermath, see James Fetzer, “The Case of John Paton Davies,”
Foreign Service Journal
(November 1977), p. 15ff., with quote from Dulles on p. 31. See also John Paton Davies,
Foreign and Other Affairs
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1966).

54
.

Bohlen, op. cit., p. 71ff.

55
.

Oshinsky, op. cit., pp. 286–93, with quote on p. 292.

56
.

Ibid.

57
.

Ylitalo interview, June 18, 1984. Also Petrov interview, July 29, 1985, and, for Bogolepov's own account of his life, see Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act, op. cit., p. 4479ff.

58
.

William White, “Bohlen Confirmed as Envoy, 74 to 13, Eisenhower Victor,”
New York Times
, March 28, 1953, p. 1.

59
.

Joseph and Stewart Alsop, “Matter of Fact,”
Washington Post
, July 5, 1953, and Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 293n.

60
.

Oshinsky, op. cit., p. 293.

61
.

For Solarium documentation, see U.S. Department of State,
Foreign Relations of the United States
, 1952–1954, vol. II, National Security Affairs, Part 1 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. 323–443; for Cutler comment, pp. 441 and 401. All the Solarium material was originally classified top secret.

62
.

Ibid., pp. 388–93 and 399–412. For Kennan's account of these events, see
Kennan vol. II
, pp. 180–81.

63
.

U.S. Department of State, op. cit., pp. 441 (summary of recommendations) and 439 (Albania project), and pp. 393 and 441 (actual acceptance of key Task Force C tactical recommendations). For material discussed in footnote, see Murrey Marder, “Eisenhower Rejected Plan to Disrupt Soviet,”
Washington Post
, December 7, 1984, p. A22. For text of NSC 5412, see NSC 5412, March 15, 1954, NSC 5412/1, March 12, 1955, and NSC 5412/2, December 28, 1955 (top secret), at RG 273, Policy Papers File, NA, Washington, D.C.

1
.

Powers, op. cit., p. 159.

2
.

1985 GAO Report
, pp. 32–34. Otto von Bolschwing is the anonymous “Subject C” discussed in this study.

3
.

Ibid., pp. 31–32. Stankievich is the anonymous “Subject B” of the GAO's study.

4
.

1985 GAO Report
, pp. 31–32.

5
.

Ibid.

6
.

Ibid, pp. 26–27, on purge at RFE/RL. On purge of Eberhardt Taubert, see Tauber, op. cit., vol. 1, pp. 150, 323, and 644; vol. 2, pp. 1049–50, 1070–71, 1325, and 1328.

7
.

For Eichmann quote, see Simon Wiesenthal Center,
Membership Report
, Summer 1985. On Brunner's wartime career, see Berlin Document Center dossier on Alois Brunner, NSDAP no. 510, 064; SS no. 342 767. See also Alois Brunner, U.S. Army INSCOM dossier no. XE064584 17B025.

8
.

Cookridge, op. cit., p. 354.

9
.

Ibid, p. 352.

10
.

Approximately 400 pages of original documentation on Skorzeny—some of it sanitized—is available through the FOIA at Otto Skorzeny, U.S. Army INSCOM dossier no. XE00 0417. Most of these records date from 1945 to 1950. This body of records, interestingly enough, was subjected to a “special purge” in 1973, according to army records. Additional postwar interrogations of Skorzeny may be found at “Skorzeny, Otto,” Box 739, Entry 179, Enemy POW Interrogation File MIS-Y 1943–1945, RG 165, NA, Washington, D.C. The State Department, FBI, and INS have also released fragmentary records on Skorzeny following FOIA requests. The CIA has yet to release its records on Skorzeny, despite formal requests to do so. Considering Skorzeny's lifelong involvement in a variety of affairs that touched on CIA concerns—such as the Egyptian project mentioned in the text, the international arms trade, the African uranium industry, aid to Biafran rebels, and, allegedly, political assassinations, to name only a few—the presently available material on Skorzeny can only be considered the tip of a much larger iceberg.

Meanwhile, a reliable biography of Skorzeny's postwar career has yet to appear. Charles Whiting,
Skorzeny
(New York: Ballantine, 1972), is almost exclusively limited to Skorzeny's wartime exploits. Skorzeny's own
Meine Kommanounternehmen, Krieg ohne Fronten
(Wiesbaden: Limes Verlag, 1976), also available as Otto Skorzeny,
La Guerre Inconnue
(Paris: Albin Michel, 1975), focuses primarily on World War II events, with only a highly
selective and flattering account of 1945 to 1950. For a popular account of Skorzeny's activities after 1945 that mixes occasional skilled reporting with considerable myth, see Glenn Infield,
Skorzeny: Hitler's Commando
(New York: St. Martin's Press, n.d.).

11
.

Skorzeny to Spruchkammer, Darmstadt Camp, July 26, 1948, at Document 026 in the Skorzeny INSCOM dossier.

12
.

Miles Copeland,
The Game of Nations
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 104.

13
.

Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 352–54.

14
.

Ibid. See also “Klarsfeld: Mitarbeiter Eichmanns Lebt in Damaskus,”
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
, June 28, 1982; “Why Nazi Hunters Won't Give Up,”
Newsweek
(February 21, 1983); James M. Markham, “In Syria, a Long-Hunted Nazi Talks,”
New York Times
, October 29, 1985; and Beate Klarsfeld,
Wherever They May Be!
(New York: Vanguard Press, 1975), pp. 231–33.

15
.

Robert Fisk, “Syria Protects Eichmann Aide,”
Times
of London, March 15, 1985. Also Markham, op. cit.

16
.

Copeland,
Game of Nations
, loc. cit., pp. 103 and 105.

17
.

Ibid.

18
.

Otto von Bolschwing, NSDAP and SS dossier at the Berlin Document Center, NSDAP No. 984212; SS No. 353603.

19
.

Sicherheitsdienst des RFSS SD-Hauptamt,
Palastinareise Bericht
(U.S. designation no. 173-b-16–14/61), now at Frames 2936012–2936068, microfilm roll 411, T-175, RG 242, NA, Washington, D.C.

20
.

Eichmann Interrogated
, loc. cit., pp. 24–25 and 30.

21
.

Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 221–23.

22
.

The Nazis' program of racial definition of Jews, registration, taxation, expropriation of Jewish property, and eventually concentration and attempted extermination of the Jewish people was obviously a protracted process, involving many tens of thousands of perpetrators. The roots of this campaign stretch back to the beginning of the Nazi party and, in a broader sense, to the long tradition of European anti-Semitism. In this sense, Otto von Bolschwing was only one of a great many who played a role in the creation of Germany's campaign against the Jews.

Yet Adolf Eichmann clearly played a pivotal role in the development of Nazi persecution from the late 1930s on, and von Bolschwing's influence on Eichmann is testified to by Eichmann himself. Otto von Bolschwing had been trained as a banker and a lawyer, and his anti-Semitic writings during the 1930's helped Eichmann and the SS formulate the “practical” and “modern” measures that proved to be the centerpiece of Nazi persecution of the Jews during the years leading up to the extermination program itself. See Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 221–23 on von Bolschwing's recommendations. See Levin, op. cit., p. 95ff., particularly pp. 101–10, on Eichmann's role in Austria and its role as a model for Nazi persecution of Jews throughout the Reich. For the historical importance of the Austrian measures in the overall development of Nazi criminality, see World Jewish Congress et al., op. cit., pp. 96–97 and 488–98ff. The striking similarity between von Bolschwing's recommendations and Eichmann's Austrian measures can be established by
comparing von Bolschwing's text in Ryan with the World Jewish Congress evidence.

23
.

Original documentation on the Bucharest events can be found in the report by von Killinger to Joachim von Ribbentrop, February 26, 1941, published in English in U.S. Department of State,
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945
, vol. XII, pp. 171–76. See also Hilberg, op. cit., p. 489; Höhne, op. cit., pp. 327–29; and Ryan,
Quiet Neighbors
, pp. 227–31, with quoted comment on p. 238.

24
.

Von Killinger to von Ribbentrop, loc. cit. For original documentation from German Foreign Office archives tracing von Bolschwing's activities leading up to the abortive rebellion, see captured German correspondence: Für Vertr. Leg. Rat Luther. Bukarest, May 22, 1940; Luther [Berlin] to Schroder [n.d.]; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI D 3) [SS Sturmbannfiihrer Fischer?] to Picot, May 23, 1940; Luther to Bukarest, May 27, 1940; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI A 42 Ke/Str.) to Luther, January 8, 1941, marked “Urgent!”; Luther to Vizenkonsul Beuttler, January 13, 1941; Der Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (VI A 42 Ke/Str.) to Luther, January 10, 1941; Picot to Luther, February 7, 1941. Copies in collection of author.

25
.

Hilberg, op. cit., p. 489.

26
.

U.S. Air Force, “Statement of Civilian Suspect, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” December 22, 1970 (secret), obtained via FOIA.

27
.

Ibid; with further details in U.S. Air Force, “Report of Investigation, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” p. 2. Primary documentation concerning von Bolschwing's activities during this period may be found in von Bolschwing's archives, portions of which have been obtained by the author. Of particular interest are a letter from Roy F. Goggin, June 7, 1945; a document dated June 1, 1948; and a recommendation concerning von Bolschwing to police HQ in Salzburg, May 20, 1948.

28
.

May 20, 1948, recommendation to police HQ, Salzburg, von Bolschwing archives.

29
.

Anthony Cave Brown, ed.,
The Secret War Report of the OSS
(New York: Berkley, 1976), p. 286.

30
.

U.S. Department of Justice, “Record of Sworn Statement—Witness [Otto von Bolschwing],” file no. A8–610-051, June 26, 1979, and confidential informant.

31
.

U.S. Air Force, “Statement of Civilian Suspect Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing,” loc. cit., pp. 14–15, and confidential informant.

32
.

1985 GAO Report
, pp. 32–34. Otto von Bolschwing is the anonymous “Subject C” discussed in this study. On O'Neal's relationship to von Bolschwing, see U.S. Air Force, “Report of Investigation, Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing.” On O'Neal's later career, see Agee and Wolf, op. cit., pp. 604–05.

33
.

1985 GAO Report
, pp. 32–34.

34
.

Ibid.

35
.

“Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration no. 1–259338, von BOLSCHWING, Otto,” December 22, 1953; Mrs. Roy Goggin interview, April 4, 1984.

36
.

Former OSI Deputy Director Martin Mendelson and former OSI trial attorney Eugene Thirolf deserve the credit for discovering von Bolschwing's presence
in the United States and initiating the prosecution against him. For journalistic accounts, see Carey, op. cit., and Christopher Simpson, op. cit. The author is particularly grateful to Peter Carey for his assistance with the Otto von Bolschwing research.

37
.

1985 GAO Report
, pp. 32–34.

38
.

This can be determined by comparing Tipton's sanitized account with documentation concerning von Bolschwing obtained from public archives, court filings, and the Freedom of Information Act.

39
.

Hohne and Zolling, op. cit., p. xv.

40
.

Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 315–16; Höhne and Zolling, op. cit., pp. 229–30.

41
.

Ibid.

42
.

Cookridge, op. cit., pp. 320–34; Hohne and Zolling, op. cit., pp. 280–90.

43
.

Ibid.

44
.

Ibid.

45
.

For text of NSC 5412, see NSC 5412, NSC 5412/1, and NSC 5412/2, RG 273, Policy Papers File, NA, Washington, D.C.