Berlin at War (87 page)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cOxi6ehkZ4 •
50.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., part 2, vol. 14, pp. 208–9. •
51.
See Richard Taylor,
Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia
and Nazi Germany
(London, 1979), pp. 216–17. •
52.
Veit Harlan,
Im Schatten meiner
Filme
(Gütersloh, 1966), p. 182. •
53.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., vol. 14, pp. 310–11.

•
54.
English text quoted in David Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
1933–1945
, pp. 227–8. •
55.
Quoted in ibid., pp. 231–2. •
56.
Ibid., p. 230. •
57.
Susan Tegel,
Nazis and the Cinema
(London, 2007), p. 187. •
58.
Fröhlich (ed.), op. cit., vol. 15, p. 284. •
59.
Kardorff, op. cit., p. 230. •
60.
Ibid., p. 231.

17 Ghost Town

•
1.
Heinz Linge,
With Hitler to the End
, p. 188. •
2.
Christa Schroeder,
He
Was My Chief
, p. 176. •
3.
Artur Axmann,
Das kann doch nicht das Ende sein
(Koblenz, 1995), p. 418. •
4.
Schroeder, op. cit., p. 176. •
5.
Wilhelm Keitel, quoted in Walter Kempowski,
Das Echolot: Abgesang ’45
, p. 44. •
6.
Nicolaus von Below,
At Hitler’s Side
(London, 2004), p. 236. •
7.
Linge, op. cit., p. 189.

•
8.
Hans Baur,
Hitler at My Side
(Houston, 1986), p. 183. •
9.
Bormann, quoted in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 9. •
10
. Elvira Stührmann-Boljahn, quoted in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 76. •
11.
Olaf Groehler,
1945: die Neue Reichskanzlei:
Das Ende
(Berlin, 1995), p. 13. •
12.
Dieter Borkowski,
Wer weiss, ob wir uns
wiedersehen?
, p. 194. •
13.
‘Golden Pheasants’ was a phrase used to describe notes

415

senior Nazi Party members, who were often seen dressed in an elaborate

golden-brown uniform. •
14.
Borkowski, op. cit., p. 195. •
15.
Jacob Kronika,
Der Untergang Berlins
, p. 127. •
16.
Diary of Lieselotte G., quoted in Ingrid Hammer and Susanne zur Nieden (eds),
Sehr selten habe ich geweint
(Zurich, 1992), p. 310. •
17.
Quoted in Kronika, op. cit., pp. 129–30. •
18.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Berlin Underground, 1938–1945
, p. 271. •
19.
Helmut Vaupel, quoted in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 75. •
20.
Friederike Grensemann quoted in ibid., p. 81. •
21.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 273. •
22.
Vasily Chuikov quoted in Erich Kempka,
I Was Hitler’s Chauffeur
, p. 128. •
23.
Peter S. author interview, Berlin, September 2008. •
24.
Antony Beevor,
Berlin: The Downfall
1945
, p. 287. •
25.
Diarist quoted in Tony Le Tissier,
Berlin: Then and Now
, p. 227. •
26.
Richard Landwehr,
Charlemagne’s Legionnaires: French Volunteers
of the SS, 1943–1945
(Silver Spring, MD, 1989), p. 140. •
27.
Though Kronika records the division as the
Wiking
, it is more likely that the men were

from the SS
Nordland
Division, which was then fighting in Berlin. •
28.

Kronika, op. cit., pp. 169–70. •
29.
Dorothea von Schwanenflügel-Lawson,

Laughter Wasn’t Rationed
, p. 342. •
30.
Erich N.,
Erlebtes
, unpublished manuscript kindly supplied to the author, pp. 36–7. •
31.
Ibid., p. 37. •
32.

Cited in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 177. •
33.
Helmut Blümchen, at

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/422/index.html

•
34.
Schwanenflügel-Lawson, op. cit., p. 343. •
35.
Gisela Richter, quoted at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/467/index.html

•
36.
Borkowski, op. cit., pp. 203–4. •
37.
Ibid., p. 205. •
38.
Helga Schneider,
The Bonfire of Berlin
, p. 55. •
39.
Else T., testimony at Deutsches Tagebucharchiv (hereafter DTA), Emmendingen, ref: 1303/IV, p. 7. •
40.

Elisabeth M., testimony at DTA, Emmendingen, ref: 256, p. 30. •
41.

Schneider, op. cit., pp. 64–5. •
42.
Anthony Reed and David Fisher,

The Fall of Berlin
, p. 425. •
43.
Cited in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 186. •
44.

Quoted in Sune Persson,
Escape from the Third Reich
(London, 2010),

pp. 113–14. •
45.
Schneider, op. cit., p. 63. •
46.
Otto E., testimony at DTA, Emmendingen, ref: 224, entry for 26 April 1945. •
47.
Eva Richter-Fritzsche, in Kempowski, op. cit., pp. 81–2. •
48.
Testimony of Hugo B., in Hammer and zur Neiden (eds), op. cit., p. 362. •
49.
Christa H., testimony at DTA,

Emmendingen, ref: 45, p. 5. •
50.
Margarethe Kopen at http: //www.

dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/458/index.html •
51.
Gerda

Langosch, at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives gedaechtnis/

033/index.html •
52.
See, for instance, Margret Boveri,
Tage des Überlebens:
Berlin 1945
, pp. 69–70. •
53.
Helmut Altner,
Berlin Dance of Death
, pp. 126‒7.

•
54.
See, for instance, Peter Gosztony (ed.),
Der Kampf um Berlin 1945 in
Augenzeugenberichten
, p. 262. •
55.
See, for instance, testimony of Klaus Sommer at http://www.dhm.de/lemo /forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/

461/index.html •
56.
Hertha von Gebhardt, in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 180.

416

berlin at war

•
57.
Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven,
In the Bunker with Hitler
(London, 2006), p. 152. •
58.
‘Can I speak to Doctor Goebbels please?’, in
Russia Today
, 15 May 2009. •
59.
Schneider, op. cit., pp. 115–16. •
60.
See Christian Goeschel,

‘Suicide at the End of the Third Reich’, in
Journal of Contemporary History
, vol. 41, no. 1, 2006. •
61.
See Schroeder, op. cit. •
62.
Gitta Sereny,
Albert
Speer: His Battle with Truth
(London, 1995), p. 507. •
63.
Heinz Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen aus dem Reich 1938–1945
, p. 6737. •
64.
Goeschel, op. cit., pp.

162 and 164. •
65.
Lieselotte G., in Hammer and zur Neiden (eds.), op. cit., p. 312. •
66.
Goeschel, op. cit., p. 162. •
67.
Curt Riess,
Berlin Berlin: 1945–

1953
(Berlin, 2002), p. 23. •
68.
Hertha von Genhardt, quoted in Alon Confino, Paul Betts and Dirk Schumann (eds),
Between Mass Death and Individual

Loss: The Place of the Dead in Twentieth Century Germany
(Oxford, 2008), p. 73. •
69.
Schneider, op. cit., p. 142. •
70.
Dr Schmidt, in Kempowski, op.

cit., p. 296. •
71.
Hugo B., in Hammer and zur Neiden (eds), op. cit., pp.

361–2. •
72.
Testimony of Klaus Sommer, op. cit. •
73.
Ibid. •
74.
Author interview with Dorit E., Berlin, September 2008. •
75.
Testimony of Gerda Langosch, op. cit. •
76.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., p. 290. •
77.
Testimony of Gerda Langosch, op. cit. •
78.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., pp. 298–9.

•
79.
Schwanenflügel-Lawson, op. cit., pp. 346–7. •
80.
Ibid., p. 347. •
81.

Marcel Elola,
Ich war in Berlin
, pp. 91–2. •
82.
Dr Schmidt, in Kempowski, op. cit., pp. 206–7. •
83.
Baur, op. cit., p. 199. •
84.
Testimony of Margarethe Kopen, op. cit. •
85.
Beevor, op. cit., p. 410. •
86.
Antony Beevor, ‘They raped every German female from 8 to 80’, in
Guardian
, 1 May 2002. •
87.

Schwanenflügel-Lawson, op. cit., p. 347. •
88.
Anonymous,
A Woman in

Berlin
, p. 68. •
89.
Author interview with Ursula N., Berlin, October, 2006.

•
90.
Author interview with Gerda P., Berlin, November, 2007. •
91.
Gisela Stange,
Der verdammte Krieg
, pp. 105–6. •
92.
Andrew Roberts, ‘Stalin’s army of rapists’, in
Daily Mail
, 24 October 2008. •
93.
Anonymous,
A Woman in
Berlin
, p. 263. •
94.
Ibid., passim. •
95.
Schwanenflügel-Lawson op. cit., p. 357.

•
96.
Interview by Osmar White, at http://www.argo.net.au

/andre/

osmarwhiteENFIN.htm •
97.
This opinion, expressed to me by numerous

interviewees, is corroborated in
A Woman in Berlin
, p. 161. •
98.
Author interview with Rosa H., Berlin, October 2006. •
99.
Schwanenflügel-Lawson, op.

cit., pp. 348 and 349. •
100.
Carl Diem, quoted in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 289.

•
101.
Margot H., testimony at DTA, Emmendingen, ref: 264, p. 6. •
102.

Anonymous,
A Woman in Berlin
, p. 80. •
103.
Karin Finell,
Goodbye to the Mermaids:
A Childhood lost in Hitler’s Berlin
(Columbia, 2006), p. 178. •
104.
See Marlene Epp, ‘The Memory of Violence: Soviet and East European Mennonite Refugees

and Rape in the Second World War’, in
Journal of Women’s History
, vol. 9, 1997.

•
105.
Quoted in Beevor,
Berlin
, p. 410. •
106.
Stange, op. cit., p. 110. •
107.

German text from Joachim Fest, ‘Das Ende’, in
Der Spiegel
, December 2002, p.

68. •
108.
Andreas-Friedrich, op. cit., pp. 311–12. •
109.
Anonymous,
A Woman
notes

417

in Berlin
, p. 131. •
110.
Borkowski, op. cit., pp. 212 and 213. •
111.
Schwanenflügel-Lawson, op. cit., p. 362.

Epilogue: Hope

•
1.
Anonymous diarist quoted in Antonia Meiners (ed.),
Berlin 1945
(Berlin, 2005), p. 70. •
2.
Richard Brett-Smith quoted in Tony Le Tissier,
Berlin:
Then and Now
, p. 299. •
3.
Margret Boveri,
Tage des Überlebens: Berlin 1945
, p. 130. •
4.
Margarethe Kopen at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/458/index.html •
5.
John Stave quoted in Meiners (ed.),

op. cit., p. 60. •
6.
Boveri, op. cit., p. 98. •
7.
Helmut Altner,
Berlin Dance
of Death
, p. 229. •
8.
Ruth Andreas-Friedrich,
Der Schattenmann
, p. 309.

•
9.
Jacob Kronika,
Der Untergang Berlins
, pp. 184–5. •
10.
Theo Findahl,
Letzter Akt Berlin: 1939–1945
, p. 184. •
11.
Fritz Raddatz in Walter Kempowski,
Das Echolot: 1945 Abgesang
, p. 429. •
12.
Findahl, op. cit., pp. 189–90. •
13.

Raddatz in Kempowski, op. cit., p. 429. •
14.
Brett-Smith quoted in Le Tissier, op. cit., p. 300. •
15.
Marcel Elola,
Ich war in Berlin
, p. 146. •
16.
Quoted in
Stern
, ‘Der letzte Wehrmachtsbericht’, 4 May 2005. •
17.
Karl Deutmann, at http://www.dhm.de/lemo/forum/kollektives_gedaechtnis/013/index.html •

18.
Ibid. •
19.
Altner, op. cit., p. 228. •
20.
Ibid., p. 230.

Select Bibliography

archives

British Library Newspaper Archive, Colindale, London

Bundesarchiv, Berlin, Germany

Deutsches Tagebucharchiv, Emmendingen, Germany

Landesarchiv, Berlin, Germany

The National Archives, Kew, London

The Wiener Library and Archive, London

interviews and correspondence

Thessi Aselmeier, Renate Baudert, Eberhard Beigel, Horst Biesel, Rosemarie

Biesel, Frank Braun, Else Buchner, Benedikt Dardin, Leopold Deutsch, Dorit

Ebert, Dorit Furchheim, Marie-Louise Gericke, Rosa Heinrich, Irmgard

Hoferichter, Peter Jung, Luzie Kannewischer, Renate Knispel, Rita Krämer,

Dietrich Krüger, Edith Krüger, Ruth Lejeune-Jung, Gerda Lemke, Otto-Herbert