Berlin at War (90 page)

Goebbels, Joseph: propaganda for Hitler’s

264–5

fiftieth birthday, 4, 11; Berliners’ attitude to,

Grossmann, Günter, 14

20; attacks originators of peace rumour, 33;

Grossmann, Hans, 286, 288

helps with Christmas celebrations, 53;

Grunauer, Lieselotte, 372

propaganda spin on invasion of Denmark

Grunewald, 168, 169

and Norway, 58; encourages Berliners to

Guderian, General Heinz, 266

give warm welcome to troops returning

guillotining, 239

from France, 64; reads out Hitler’s

gypsies, 220–1, 223

proclamation about invasion of Soviet

Union, 69–70; reaction to invasion of Soviet

Hácha, Emil, 3, 8

Union, 71; avoids food rationing, 98; on

Haensel, Carl, 36

plans to redesign Berlin, 110; inspects

Hähnemann, Margot, 379

bombed areas of Berlin, 143–4; on air raids,

Hamburg, 138, 187, 317–19, 343

153, 158; visits Air Raid Warning Centre, 154;

Hampel, Otto and Elise, 277–8

propaganda about air raids, 155; announces

Hände Hoch
(‘Hands Up’; film), 189

index

427

Harlan, Veit, 354

plot, 266, 280–4; Berliners’ attitude to, 271;

Harnack, Arvid, 274

communist attitude to, 272; popularity

Harris, Sir Arthur ‘Bomber’, 48, 320

wanes, 345, 359; fifty-sixth birthday

Hartlaub, Felix, 131

celebrations, 357–60; last days in bunker,

Haus des Fremdenverkehrs
(‘Foreign Travel

357–8; encourages suicide among public, 371;

Office’), 112

death, 380

Haushofer, Albrecht, 237–8

Hitler Youth: used to shovel snow, 75; used to

Haw-Haw, Lord
see
Joyce, William

clear gutters and drains, 81; role in child

health, public, 346

evacuation plan, 187, 193–200; encouraged to

heating, 75–7

act as informers, 208; martyrs, 259–60; and

Heck, Lutz, 94

‘Swing Kids’, 280; group presented to Hitler,

Heine, Heinrich, 54

357; celebrations for Hitler’s fifty-sixth

Heinkel, 241

birthday, 358; in
Volkssturm
, 363–4; used to

Heldengedenktag
(‘Heroes Memorial Day’), 258,

distribute suicide poison capsules, 371

260

Der Hitlerjunge Quex
(film), 260

Helldorf, Wolf von, 99

Hoernle, Alfred (‘Black Carl’), 278–9

Heller, Hans-Detlef, 312

Hoffmann, Heinrich, 52, 66

Henderson, Sir Nevile, 24–5, 25–6, 27–8

Holocaust, 160–83, 285–306; public knowledge

Hengst, Rosa, 379

of, 172–6, 180–3; Aryan help given to Jews,

Henschel, Hildegard, 166

294–300;
see also
Jews

Henschel, Moritz, 166

Home Guard
see Volkssturm

Hermand, Jost, 189, 195, 198–9

homosexuality, 242

Hess, Rudolf: studies, 237; Christmas speech to

Horcher’s restaurant, 98

nation, 53; encouragement of informers,

Höss, Rudolf, 240

226; at Fritsch’s funeral, 248; flight to

hotels, 86;
see also individual hotels by name

Britain, 209

housing: general, 109, 113; for Jews, 113–15; for

Heuser, Georg, 46

the bombed out, 140, 331–2; in last weeks of

Heydrich, Reinhard, 224, 249–51, 279

war, 366

Himmler, Heinrich, 16, 170, 357

Hube, General Hans-Valentin, 265

Hitler, Adolf: fiftieth-birthday celebrations, 1–12;

humour and jokes, 89, 349–50, 362

stamina, 10; speech about invasion of

Hungary, 67

Poland, 14–18; ailments, 15; halitosis, 15;

hygiene, 76, 77, 86, 366

power, 16; Berliners’ reaction to in wake of

invasion of Poland, 20; furious at

‘
Ich hatt’ einen Kamaraden
’ (‘I had a comrade’;

Mussolini’s initial stance of neutrality, 23;

song), 249‒50

distances self from last-minute diplomacy

‘
Ich weiss es wird einmal ein Wunder gescheh’n
’

before outbreak of war, 23; reaction to

(‘I know a miracle will happen’; song), 217

British ultimatum, 26; speech about British

indoctrination, 195–7, 200;
see also
propaganda

declaration of war, 26–7; makes early ‘peace

informers, 208, 224–9, 303–4

offering’ to Britain and France, 29–33; signs

Invaliden cemetery, 247–51, 265–6

of some opposition to, 52; celebration of

Italy: Mussolini takes initial stance of neutrality,

first war Christmas, 53; celebrated in new

23; Ribbentrop uses as intermediary in

version of ‘Silent Night’, 54; Germans

negotiations with Britain and France, 24;

continue to view as ‘man of peace’, 57;

Italian labourers in Germany, 44, 343;

propaganda spin on invasion of Denmark

Tripartite Pact with Germany and Japan, 67;

and Norway, 58; triumphal return to Berlin

fall of Mussolini, 343

after fall of Paris, 61; fall of France seen as

blow to his opponents, 63; proclamations

Jannings, Emil, 51

about invasion of Soviet Union, 69–71;

Japan, 67

Spartan tastes, 98; ideas for redesigning

jazz, 214–15, 279–80

Berlin, 101, 102–3, 103–4, 105, 109, 110, 111, 112;

Jeckeln, SS-
Obengruppenführer
Friedrich, 170

relationship with Speer, 103–4; reaction to

Jewish Hospital, 304–6

air raids on Berlin, 141; agrees to child

Jews: examples of anti-Semitism among the

evacuation, 185, 196; and air travel, 203; use

German public, 44, 46, 181, 183;
Kristallnacht
,

of radio as propaganda tool, 205–6, 207;

161; used to shovel snow, 75; food rations,

favourite composers and performers, 215;

83; forcible eviction, 113–15; exclusion from

radio ‘theme tune’, 215; on ‘
Lili Marleen
’,

air-raid shelters, 148; Jewish star legislation,

216; and the Gestapo, 222; absence from

160–1; deportations, 115, 162–72; ‘Reich’ Jews

Fritsch’s funeral, 248; at Heydrich’s funeral,

initially slightly better treated than ‘eastern’

249; wording of death notices as proof of

ones, 170; public knowledge of their fate,

waning loyalty to, 256–7; Stauffenberg bomb

172–6, 180–3; living conditions of those left

428

berlin at war

behind in Berlin, 176–80; Nazi means of

Köpenick, 115, 145, 255

establishing Jewishness, 177–8; fate of Jewish

Korten, General Günther, 266

property, 181–2; memorial book for German

Koskull, Josepha von, 279, 324, 328, 341

Jews, 183; exclusion from child evacuation

Kossmann, August, 295

plan, 187–8; evacuee children encouraged to

Kotbusser Strasse, 140

hate, 196; prohibition of broadcasting music

Koziol, Frieda, 46

by Jews, 214–15; and Nazi justice system, 223;

Krakauer, Max, 295

in Sachsenhausen, 241, 243–4; Nazis use to

Kramer, Otto, 323

forge British banknotes, 243–4; cemeteries

Kreis, Wilhelm, 108, 250

and funerals, 261–5; going underground, 263,

Kreisau Circle, 276

291–304; resistance groups, 268–71; resistance

Kreuzberg, 140, 307, 322, 359

speeds up deportations, 270;
Fabrik-Aktion

Kriminalpolizei
(Kripo): and S-Bahn Murderer,

deportations and Rosenstrasse protest, 285–

42–7; and black market, 99

91; Aryan help given to, 294–300; Jewish

Kroll Opera House, 15–18

catchers, 303–4; hospitalisation as method of

Kronika, Jacob, 359, 363, 385

escaping deportation, 304–6

Kübler, Stella
see
Goldschlag, Stella

Jodmin, Otto, 297

Kuckhoff, Adam, 274

jokes
see
humour and jokes

Künstlertheater, 14

Joseph, Charlotte, 300–1

Kursk, Battle of (1943), 342

Joyce, William (‘Lord Haw-Haw’), 151

Jung, Peter, 219

labour camps, 118–21, 122–7, 176; German

justice, Nazi concept of, 222–3

myopia about, 132;
see also
work education

camps

Ka-De-We store, 85

Langosch, Gerda, 368–9, 374

Kabarett der Komiker
(‘Kadeko’; cabaret show),

Langrock, Otto, 134

69, 215

Leander, Zarah, 69, 217

Kaiserhof Hotel, 2, 86, 313

Leipzig, 261

Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 129

leisure, 50–1, 69, 74–5

Kardorff, Ursula von: personal experience of air

Lenz, Werner, 200

raids, 131, 327, 328, 330, 333; conspiracy

Leopold Palace, 103

theory about foreign labourers, 134–5; and

Levetzowstrasse synagogue, 160, 161, 162, 166–8

Holocaust, 174, 175, 178; on the Gestapo, 228;

Levi, Primo, 175

brother’s death, 251, 252; and Stauffenberg

Lewine, Erika, 287

bomb plot, 282, 284; helps Jews, 294; on air

Lichtenberg, Bernhard, 275

raids on Hamburg, 318; bombed out, 331,

Liebig, Hans, 323

332; on Goebbels’ ‘total war’ speech, 340; on

Lietzen Lake, 311

increasing superstitiousness of Germans,

‘
Lili Marleen
’ (song), 215–16

344; on macabre changes to Berlin cityscape,

Linczyk, Margot, 302

347–8; on German weariness with war, 356

Linge, Heinz, 2, 357

Karlshorst, 42, 43

Lippert, Dr Julius, 3, 142

Karski, Jan, 175

Łódz˙ (Litzmannstadt) ghetto, 167, 168, 173, 196

Kastler, Lore, 316–17

looting and plunder: German, 64, 95–7, 181–2;

Kaunas ghetto, 170, 173

Soviet, 375–6, 383, 385

Keitel, Wilhelm, 8, 358

Luftwaffe: raid on Scapa Flow, 56; aces feted as

Kennan, George, 271, 277

celebrities, 65, 67; Air Ministry building, 101,

Kessler, Käthe, 39

102; Udet scapegoated for shortcomings,

Keyserling, Hermann, 258–9

249; air raids on London, 308, 333; Air

Kiel, 138

Ministry hit by bombs, 308; begins to lose

Klemperer, Victor, 161, 256

sympathy of German public, 309

KLV camps, 191–200

Lüpke, Theodor von, 255

Knauf, Erich, 228

Lustgarten, 267–9

Knauth, Percival, 154

Lustig, Dr Walter, 304

Knirsch, Rita, 296

Knispel, Renate, 330

Maifeld, 102

Knobloch, Heinz, 14, 21, 188

Malchow medical clinic, 125

Koch, Robert, 51

Martin Gropius Building, 230

Kochmann, Sala, 270

martyrdom, 258–61

Kolberg
(film), 353–6

Massow, Erna, 371

König, Joel, 179–80

Mauthausen concentration camp, 112–13

Königplatz, 15, 382

May, Gerda, 43

Kopen, Margarethe, 383–4

Meier, Marianne, 113

index

429

Die Meistersinger
(Wagner), 14

Norway, German invasion of (1940), 58–9

Michaelis, Hans, 178–9

Nöthling, August, 98–9

Miegel, Agnes, 257

Nuremberg, 103, 226

milk, 78–9

Minsk ghetto, 169, 172

Oechsner, Fred, 77, 137, 145–6, 148

Misch, Rochus, 210

Ogorzow, Paul, 46–7

Moabit, 145, 160, 259, 286, 295, 321

Ohser, Erich, 227–8

Moabit prison, 237–8

Olympic Games (1936), 206

Mölders, Werner, 65, 67, 249

Omankowsky, Manfred, 279–80

Molotov, Vyacheslav, 67, 185

opera, 51, 69

Moltke, Helmuth James von: background and

Operation Bernhard, 243–4

character, 276; on British Embassy staff’s

Operation Valkyrie, 280–4

departure from Berlin, 27–8; hopes for early

Orbach, Larry, 302

settlement to war crushed, 30, 33; reaction

Ordnungspolizei
, 222

to invasion of Soviet Union, 72; on air raids,

Orff, Carl, 215

137, 153; Jewish acquaintance commits

Oster, Colonel Hans, 63, 91

suicide, 179; on threat posed by renewed

Allied air raids, 319; hanged for resistance,

Pankow, 126, 316, 323

276

Panzerbär
news-sheet, 369

Mönchengladbach, 138

Papen, Franz von, 204

Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law, 67

Paris, fall of (1940), 61–4

morale, German public: lack of public appetite

parks, 110

for Second World War, 19–21, 27–8, 30–3,

Pawlak, Irena, 119

60–6; effect of air raids on, 157–9, 318–20,

Pentzien, Arno, 366–7

333–5; deterioration in community spirit, 227;

Peters, Gerda, 377

reaction to ‘total war’ concept, 337–41;

Pharus Hall, 279–80

public start to lose faith in regime, 343–50,

Pioneer Circle (
Chug Chaluzi
), 293–4

359; prevalence of suicide in last days of

Pius XII, Pope, 3

war, 370–2;
see also
protest and dissent

Plötzensee prison, 238–9

Morell, Theodor, 357–8

plunder
see
looting and plunder

motorways, 13, 203

Poelchau, Harald, 239, 297

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 215

Poland: German invasion (1939), 13–26, 29;

Munich, 272

Polish labourers in Germany, 44, 119–21, 122,

Munich crisis (1938), 57