Berlin at War (91 page)

124–7, 130, 145, 387; some Germans blame for

murder: and blackout measures, 39–47; S-Bahn

the war, 57; evacuated children encouraged

Murderer, 41–7; and foreign labourers, 133

to hate Poles, 195–6; Warsaw Uprising, 349

‘the mushroom’
see Schwerbelastungskörper

police: distinctions between different types, 222;

music and songs, 214–18, 279–80

see also
Gestapo;
Kriminalpolizei
(Kripo);

Mussolini, Benito, 23, 24, 343, 358

Schutzpolizei

postcards, celebrity, 66–7

naval war
see
U-boats

potatoes, 80

Nazi Party: hierarchy throughout society, 224–5;

Potsdam, 69

Berliners’ attitude to, 271; popularity, 276;
see

Prager Platz, 308

also
protest and dissent

Prien, Günther, 52, 65, 67

Netherlands: Dutch labourers in Germany, 122,

Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, 230, 232–3, 235–7

123, 129–30; Dutch involved in defence of

prisons, 237–9

Berlin, 363

propaganda: spin on invasion of Denmark and

Neumann, Erich: on public reaction to invasion

Norway, 58; against British, 60; radio’s use,

of Poland, 20; mother employs foreign

203–14, 215; Berlin exhibition about Soviet

labourers, 127–8; in KLV camp, 195; mother

Union, 267–9; spin put on war reporting,

takes in Jewish friend, 295, 299–300; bombed

345; film to encourage defence of homeland

out, 331; in
Volkssturm
, 363–4

to the bitter end, 353–6;
Panzerbär
news-

Neurath, Konstantin von, 8

sheet, 369;
see also
Goebbels, Joseph

newspapers: censorship, 51; at end of war, 369;

prostitution, 40, 301

see also individual newspapers by name

protest and dissent: early forms, 52; fall of Paris

Nickel, Maria, 277, 297

seen as blow to Hitler’s opponents, 63;

Niemöller, Martin, 274–5

communist resistance groups, 72, 268–71,

Norkus, Herbert, 259–60

271–4, 278–9; wording of death notices as

Normandy landings (1944), 349

form of, 256–7; Jewish resistance groups,

North-South Axis, 106–9

267–71; overview of resistance in Berlin,

North Station, 109

271–84; Christian resistance, 274–6; milder

430

berlin at war

methods of expressing dissent, 277–80;

Richter, Gisela, 149, 190, 218, 364

Stauffenberg bomb plot, 266, 280–4;

Richthofen, Manfred von (‘the Red Baron’), 247,

Rosenstrasse protest, 285–91; Pioneer Circle,

248

293–4; Aryan help given to Jews, 294–300;

Riemann, Christa, 67

Nazi control of waning loyalty, 334; in last

Riesenburger, Martin, 263–4, 265

days of regime, 350

Riga ghetto, 170

Pschorr Haus restaurant, 92

Ritter, Gerhard, 191, 193, 194, 195, 200

Ritter, Lutz, 71, 209–10, 345

queuing, 86–7, 87–8

roads: motorways, 13, 203; accidents, 38–9, 77–8;

Speer’s plans to overhaul network, 109

rabbits, 93

Rökk, Marika, 217

racism and race issues: German attitude to

Romania, 67

Russians, 131; prejudice against foreign

Römer, Josef ‘Beppo’, 272–3

labourers, 132–3; evacuated children

Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 66, 67

encouraged to hate Poles, 195–6; Nazi

Roosevelt, Franklin D.: appeals against air raids

attitude to gypsies, 221; prejudicial nature of

on civilians, 23

Nazi justice, 222–3;
see also
Jews

Rosenberg, Alfred, 248

radar, 47–9, 317

Rosenstrasse protest (1943), 285–91

Raddatz, Carl, 218

Rosenthal, Margot, 173

Raddatz, Fritz, 386

Royal Oak
, HMS, 52

Radener, Kurt, 157, 198

Rumbula, 170

radio: overview, 203–19; history of German

Rummelsburg, 42, 45, 156

development, 203–4; use as propaganda tool,

Russell, William: on Berliners’ hopes for early

204–14, 215; listening to foreign broadcasts,

peace settlement, 32; on shortages, 55, 85,

208–14; music content, 214–18;
Drahtfunk

86; on German reaction to invasion of

(emergency network), 218–19; in the last

Denmark and Norway, 58; on popularity

days of the war, 369

of listening to foreign radio broadcasts,

Radio Moscow: German-language service, 210

211–12

Radlauer, Annie, 289

Rust, Bernhard, 98

Raeder, Admiral Erich, 8, 98, 357

RAF: raid on Sylt, 57; leaflets dropped over

S-Bahn Murderer, 41–7

Germany, 138–9; numbers and types of

SA: martyrs, 259

aircraft, 155, 317;
see also
air raids

Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 113, 221,

‘Railway Bunker’, 313

240–6

railways: train accidents, 38, 42–3; coal

Saefkow, Anton, 274

shortages, 78; Speer’s plans to overhaul

Safjanik, Larissa, 134

network, 109; use of forced labour, 121;

Sagebiel, Ernst, 102

Jewish transports, 169; Anhalter Station,

St Hedwig Cathedral, 308

184–5, 201–2

Samter, Hermann, 166–7, 173

rape, 40, 376–80

Samuel, Anna, 115

rationing
see
clothing; food

Samuel, Marion, 163–4

Ravel, Maurice, 215

Scapa Flow, 52, 56

Rebbien, Martha, 97

Schaeffers, Willi, 69

‘Red Baron’
see
Richthofen, Manfred von

Scharnhorst, General Gerhard von, 247

Red Orchestra, 274

Schaub, Julius, 16

Reich Race Research Office, 177–8

Schiller Theatre, 51

Reichstag building, 15, 108, 143

Schirach, Baldur von: and child evacuation

Reichstag meetings, 15–18

programme, 185, 187; anthem written by,

Reinickendorf, 213, 279, 321, 323

192; song mocking him, 231; on martyrdom,

Reniszewska, Aleksandra, 119

260

resistance
see
protest and dissent

Schlabrendorff, Fabian von, 235–6

restaurants, 76, 86, 91–2, 338–9

Schlieffen, Field Marshal Alfred von, 247

Reuss, Anne-Marie, 231–2

Schmidt, Ernst, 206, 219, 375–6

Ribbentrop, Joachim von: at Hitler’s fiftieth-

Schmidt, Paul, 25–6

birthday celebrations, 8; takes control of

Schmundt, Lieutenant General Rudolf, 265–6

last-minute diplomacy before outbreak of

Schneider, Helga, 346, 365, 366

war, 23–4; and British ultimatum, 25, 26;

Schöneberg, 143, 181, 300, 337

holds press conference about invasion of

Schönhaus, Cioma, 302

Soviet Union, 70; refuses to cooperate with

Schönhauser Allee Jewish cemetery, 264

black-market enquiry, 99

schools, 76, 200

Richter, Eva, 367–8

Schraepler, Hans-Joachim, 66

index

431

Schragenheim, Felice, 298

soldiers sending home plunder from abroad,

Schroeder, Christa, 3, 10, 357, 358

96; on auctions of Jewish property, 182; on

Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 274

Nazi attempts to stop people listening to

Schutzpolizei
, 3

foreign radio broadcasts, 213; on numbers of

Schwalbe, Dietrich, 196

Gestapo, 223; on Berlin’s lack of community

Schwanenflügel, Dorothea von, 20, 363, 379

spirit, 227; on public reaction to

Schwarz, Joseph, 263

surveillance, 228–9; on Berlin’s flak towers,

Das Schwarze Korps
(SS newspaper), 4, 254

319, 346

Schwerbelastungskörper
(‘the mushroom’), 100,

Sobibór death camp, 172

107, 116

Söderbaum, Kristina, 354

Schwersenz, Ruth, 176–7

Soldiers’ Hall, 108, 113

Schwersenz, Yitzhak, 293

Solf, Johanna, 275

sea war
see
U-boats

Solf Circle, 275–6

Second World War: outbreak, 13–29; German

Sohst, Hanna, 301

public appetite for, 19–21, 27–8, 30–3, 60–6;

Sommer, Klaus, 373

rumours in Germany of early peace, 29–33;

songs
see
music and songs

treatment of war dead, 251–8; Nazis launch

South Station, 106, 111

‘total war’ concept, 336–41; events of 1943,

South Town
see Südstadt

341–3; German wearying of, 343–50; events

‘The Soviet Paradise’ (exhibition; 1942), 267–9

of 1944, 349; VE-Day, 387;
see also individual

Soviet Union: chill in German relations with,

battles and events by name

67, 68; German invasion (1941), 69–73, 111,

Sensationsprozess Casilla
(film), 51

257; Soviet labourers in Germany, 119, 121–2,

Seeckt, General Hans von, 247

124–7, 134; German attitude to Russians, 131;

Shirer, William: on Hitler’s fiftieth-birthday

Radio Moscow German-language service,

celebrations, 5, 6–7, 12; on Berliners’

210; German propaganda exhibition about,

reaction to invasion of Poland, 19, 24; on

267–9; Stalingrad, 336, 338; Kursk, 342; Red

Berliners’ reaction to British declaration of

Army atrocities in East Prussia, 362; Battle

war, 27, 28; on Berliners’ reaction to

for Berlin, 306, 357, 360, 365, 367–80; German

rumours of early peace, 30–1; on blackout

fear of Soviet rule, 371; Berliners’

measures, 35; on continuance of leisure

encounters with Red Army, 375–80; Red

pursuits despite the war, 50, 51; on German

Army takes over Berlin, 382–8; Soviet

love of Christmas trees, 54; on first war

treatment of Soviet labourers in Berlin, 387

Christmas, 56; on German reaction to

Speer, Albert: background and character, 103;

invasion of Norway, 58–9; on Berliners’

on Berlin’s reaction to invasion of Poland,

reaction to invasion of Belgium and France,

15; redesigning of Berlin, 103–16; relationship

59–60, 62, 64; on harsh winter of 1940, 74,

with Hitler, 103–4; and eviction of Berlin’s

75, 77; on air-raid siren test, 81; on
Eintopf
,

Jews, 114; issue of his guilt assessed, 116; on

91; on air raids, 137, 138, 142, 145, 153, 156,

Goebbels’ ‘total war’ speech, 340; publicly

158–9; meets ‘Lord Haw-Haw’, 151; on

alludes to V-weapons, 344; on likely effects

people’s fear of being caught listening to

of USAAF daylight air raids, 348–9

foreign radio broadcasts, 208; on Fritsch’s

Sphinx
, HMS, 56

death, 248

Spitzy, Reinhard, 63

shopping
see
clothing; food; shortages

sport, 50–1, 74–5

shortages: general, 54–5, 85–90; fuel, 75–6, 78–9;

Sportpalast, 337

see also
clothing; food

SS: and Battle for Berlin, 364–5, 374

Sicily, Allied invasion of (1943), 342–3

SS-
Leibstandarte
, 2, 3, 53

Sieg, John, 236

SS-
Totenkopf
, 3

Siegel, Elisabeth, 177

Staatsoper, 69

Siegesallee (‘Victory Avenue’), 15

Stahlberg, Alexander, 6, 8

Siemens, 121, 269

Stalin, Joseph, 111

Siewert, Gertrud, 43, 44

Stalingrad, Battle of (1942–3), 336, 338

Siewert, Peter, 351

Stange, Gisela, 191–2, 378, 380

‘Silent Night’ (carol), 54

Stauffenberg, Claus von, 266, 280–4

Simon, Irma, 294–5

Steglitz, 189

Skalitzer Strasse, 140

Stemann, Paul von, 346–7

slave labourers
see
foreign and forced labourers

Strauss, Richard, 69

Slovakia, 67

Striem, Salomon, 296

Smith, Howard: on atmosphere in Berlin in

Studnitz, Hans-Georg von: on public reaction to

1940, 57–8; on German reaction to fall of

Stauffenberg bomb plot, 284; on fear of new

France, 60, 63, 64; on German civilian

air raids, 318; on escape of animals from

morale, 63; on shortages, 86–7, 92; on

Berlin Zoo, 324; on Goebbels’ ‘total war’

432

berlin at war

speech, 340; on lack of reporting of

towers, 310–11; on damage caused by new

Mussolini’s fall, 343; on German wonder

Allied air raids, 322–3; bombed out, 333

weapons, 344; on increasing apathy towards

Vaupel, Helmut, 360

Hitler, 345; on decreasing public morale, 347,

VE-Day (1945), 387

349; on USAAF daylight air raids, 348

Vinck, Erich, 226

Stumpfegger, Ludwig, 358

Voigt, Johanna, 45

Südstadt
(‘South Town’), 109

Völkischer Beobachter
(newspaper), 44, 105

suicide, 370–2

Volksoper, 14

surveillance, 208, 223–9

Volkssturm
, 350–3, 360, 362, 363–4

‘Swing Kids’ movement, 279–80

Volta factory, 134

Sylt, 57

Wagner, Richard, 14, 215, 249

Tauentzien, General Friedrich Bogislav von, 250

Wahl, Karl, 18

Tauentzienstrasse, 157

Wannsee, 275

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 215

war dead, treatment of, 251–8

Tempelhof, 39, 157, 198, 373

Warsaw Uprising (1944), 349